Table 1 Characteristics of PMFs associated with the TSFs included in the systematic review
Author, year | Study design | Tibial shaft fractures, N | Associated with PMF, N (%) | Detection method | Men, % | Mean age | Energy of injury | Rate of missed diagnosis of PMF (X-ray) | Geographic location of study | Surgical intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Böstman [1] (1988) | R | 527 | 5 (0.9%) | X-ray | 40% | 38 (22–47) | LE | NR | Finland | Surgical fixation when recognized |
Georgiadis et al. [11] (1996) | R | 179 | 4 (2.2%) | X-ray | 25% | 41 (25–53) | LE | NR | USA | Surgical fixation when recognized |
Kukkonen et al. [18] (2006) | R | 74 | 18 (24.3%) | X-ray | NR | NR | 94%LE | 44.4% | Finland | 33% underwent surgical fixation |
Stuermer et al. [19] (2008) | P | 214 | 8 (3.7%) | X-ray | NR | NR | NR | NR | Germany | Surgical fixation only when displaced |
Schottel et al. [14] (2014) | R | 71 | 18 (25.4%) | X-ray+CT | NR | NR | NR | NR | USA | Surgical fixation when large articular fragments or instability |
Tsai et al. [20] (2014) | R | 240 | 20 (8.3%) | X-ray | 75% | 42 (20–61) | LE | NR | China | Surgical fixation only when displaced |
Jung et al. [21] (2015) | R | 71 | 34 (47.9%) | X-ray+CT | NR | NR | NR | NR | Korea | Surgical fixation when displaced or involved over 25% of the articular surface |
Kempegowda et al. [22] (2016) | R | 1113 | 96 (9%) | X-ray+CT + MRI | 63.50% | 40 (18–66) | 69%LE | NR | USA | 73% underwent surgical fixation |
51 (4.6%) | X-ray | NR | NR | NR | 46.9% | NR | ||||
88 (7.9%) | X-ray+CT | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ||||
Zhang et al. [23] (2018) | R | 765 | 55 (7.2%) | X-ray+CT | 60% | 45 (24–81) | NR | NR | China | NR |
Huang et al. [6] (2018) | R | 111 | 42 (37.8%) | X-ray+CT | NR | NR | NR | NR | China | Surgical fixation when displaced or involved over 25% of the articular surface |
Hendrickx et al. [24] (2020) | R | 263 | 75 (29%) | X-ray+CT | NR | NR | NR | NR | Australia | NR |
Hendrickx et al. [8] (2019) | R | 164 | 36 (22%) | X-ray+CT | 75% | NR | 78%LE | 25% | Australia | NR |