Table 1 Material properties for the thoracolumbar spine finite element model
Structure | Young’s modulus (MPa) | Poisson ratio | Cross-sectional area (mm2) |
|---|---|---|---|
Vertebrae | |||
 Cancellous bone | 100 | 0.2 |  |
 Cortical bone | 12,000 | 0.3 |  |
 Posterior elements | 3500 | 0.25 |  |
Disc | |||
 Annulus | 4.2 | 0.45 |  |
 Nucleus | 0.2 | 0.49 |  |
 Facet | 11 | 0.2 |  |
Ligaments | |||
 Anterior longitudinal ligament | 7 |  | 63.7 |
 Posterior longitudinal ligament | 7 |  | 20 |
 Ligamentum flavum | 3 |  | 40 |
 Intratransverse ligament | 7 |  | 1.8 |
 Capsular ligament | 4 |  | 30 |
 Interspinous ligament | 6 |  | 40 |
 Supraspinous ligament | 6.6 |  | 30 |
Pedicle screw and rod fixation | 110,000 | 0.3 | Â |
3D-printed prosthesis | 675 | 0.3 | Â |