Fig. 1

A five-year-old female (case 5) with HSAN type V. a No facial stigmata are present. b Clinical photograph at presentation, with massive knee effusion, left genu valgum, and difficulty walking. c Standing anteroposterior radiograph at presentation shows bone resorption in the lateral femoral condyle, increased joint space medially, and soft-tissue shadow indicative of knee effusion. d T2-weighted fat-saturated coronal magnetic resonance (MR) images show a lesion in the lateral femoral condyle, which suggests that the primary injury might have been a displaced Salter-Harris type IV lateral femoral condyle fracture. e Clinical photograph, 16 months postoperative. Left knee alignment has improved. Note that the incision is healed completely, and also the right ankle is swollen. f Standing AP radiograph at the same visit, showing an improved alignment of the left knee, consolidation of the initial lateral bone lucency, and improved joint congruency. The patient uses elastic bandages to decrease the swelling. g Lateral radiograph of the right ankle. Soft-tissue swelling and a sclerotic calcaneus are visualized, which indicate a probable bony injury. Short-term bracing was done for her ankle