Table 1 Univariate analyses of risk factors associated with DVT following surgeries of tibial plateau fracture

Gender (male)

30 (65.2)

573 (60.9)

0.557

Age (years)

49.8 ± 13.1

45.0 ± 13.9

0.020

 18–40

9 (19.6)

388 (41.2)

0.003

 ≥ 41

37 (80.4)

553 (58.8)

< 0.001

 Rural

27(58.7)

577(61.2)

 Urban

19(39.1)

365(38.8)

0.934

 18.5–23.9

14 (30.4)

306 (32.5)

 < 18.5

1 (2.2)

18 (1.9)

 24–27.9

20 (43.5)

389 (41.3)

 ≥ 28.0

11 (23.9)

228 (24.3)

Diabetes mellitus

5 (10.9)

126 (13.4)

0.623

Hypertension

7 (15.2)

160 (17.0)

0.752

Cerebrovascular disease

0

12(1.3)

0.441

Chronic heart disease

2 (4.3)

40 (4.3)

0.975

Chronic liver disease

2 (4.3)

45 (4.8)

0.893

History of any surgery

7 (15.2)

109 (11.6)

0.455

Allergy to any medications

5 (10.9)

116 (12.3)

0.768

Current smoking

6 (13.0)

123 (13.1)

0.996

Alcohol consumption

8 (17.4)

83 (8.8)

0.050

Preoperative duration (day)

7.1 ± 7.8

6.8 ± 6.7

0.781

Total hospital stay

29.8 ± 26.8

18.6 ± 22.2

0.001

Mechanism (high-energy)

30(65.2)

608(64.6)

0.933

Open fracture

5(10.9)

44(4.7)

0.059

0.085

 I

4 (8.7)

134 (14.2)

 II

31(67.4)

684 (72.7)

 III or above

11 (23.9)

123 (13.1)

0.397

 I–IV

31 (67.4)

669 (71.1)

 V–VI

15 (32.6)

272 (28.9)

Anesthesia (general)

28(60.9)

369(39.2)

0.003

Open reduction (vs closed)

34 (93.5)

96(91.2)

0.589

Bone grafting (yes)

13(28.3)

186(19.8)

0.161

Surgical duration

182.4 ± 77.0

148.6 ± 82.0

0.012

Perioperative blood transfusion

7 (15.2)

97 (10.3)

0.290

0.942

 Day

45(97.8)

922(98.0)

 Night

1(2.2)

19(2.0)

TP (< 60 g/L)

19 (41.3)

242 (25.7)

0.019

ALB (< 35 g/L)

14 (30.4)

189 (20.1)

0.090

0.111

 1.2–2.4

38 (82.6)

835 (89.8)

 < 1.2

7(15.2)

66(7.0)

 > 2.4

1(2.2)

30(3.2)

ALT (> 40 U/L)

7(15.2)

173(18.4)

0.587

AST (> 35 U/L)

6(13.0)

128(13.6)

0.914

TBIL (> 21 umol/L)

4(8.7)

78(8.3)

0.922

DBIL (> 6 umol/L)

17(37.0)

257(27.3)

0.154

IBIL (> 14 umol/L)

8(17.4)

142(15.1)

0.671

ALP (> 100)

3(6.5)

38(4.0)

0.410

HCRP (> 8 mg/L)

37(80.4)

627(66.6)

0.051

LDH (> 250 U/L)

16(34.8)

198(21.0)

0.027

HBDH (> 182 U/L)

13(28.3)

153(16.3)

0.034

TC (> 5.2 mmol/L)

3(6.5)

118(12.5)

0.224

TG (> 1.7 mmol/L)

4(8.7)

163(17.3)

0.128

HDL-C (< 1.1 mmol/L)

23(50.0)

365(38.8)

0.128

LDL-C (> 3.37 mmol/L)

6(13.0)

129(13.7)

0.898

VLDL (> 0.78 mmol/L)

4(8.7)

158(16.8)

0.148

Na + (< 135 mmol/L)

23(50.0)

263(27.9)

0.001

K+ (mmol/L)

0.001

 3.5–5.5

40(87.0)

874(92.9)

 < 3.5

3(6.5)

60(6.4)

 > 5.5

3(6.5)

7(0.7)

UA (> upper limit)

1(2.2)

77(8.2)

0.140

WBC (> 10 × 10⁹/L)

20(43.5)

290(30.8)

0.071

LYM (< 1.1 × 10⁹/L)

17(37.0)

266(28.3)

0.203

MON (> 0.6 × 10⁹/L)

30(65.2)

562(59.7)

0.458

RBC < lower limit

21(45.7)

367(39.0)

0.367

HGB < lower limit

31(67.4)

495(52.6)

0.049

HCT < lower limit

34(73.9)

571(60.7)

0.072

0.830

 82–100

43 (93.5)

875 (93.0)

 < 82

1 (2.2)

34 (3.6)

 > 100

2 (4.3)

32 (3.4)

0.585

 27–34

42 (91.3)

861 (91.5)

 < 27

3 (6.5)

39 (4.1)

 > 34

1 (2.2)

41 (4.4)

MCHC (< 316 g/L)

3(6.5)

26(2.8)

0.134

0.197

 12–18.1

42 (91.3)

829 (88.1)

 < 12

2 (4.3)

96 (10.2)

 > 18.1

2 (4.3)

16 (1.7)

D-dimer (> 0.50 mg/L)

32 (69.6)

528 (56.1)

0.072

D-dimer (> 1.76 mg/L)

22 (47.8)

231 (24.5)

< 0.001

OSM < 260 mOsm/L

10 (21.7)

85 (9.0)

0.004

PLT > 300 × 10⁹/L

15 (32.6)

200 (21.3)

0.068

NEUT > 6.3 × 10⁹/L

27 (58.7)

441 (46.9)

0.117

FBG (> 6.1 mmol/L)

16 (34.8)

318 (33.8)

0.890

RDW (> 16.5%)

5 (5.1)

54 (3.8)

0.506