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Table 3 Risk factors associated with abnormality detected upon additional cardiac investigation

From: Pre-operative clinical predictors for cardiology referral prior to total joint arthroplasty: the ‘asymptomatic’ patient

 

ADACI

Statistics

Yes (n = 50)

No (n = 324)

χ2

p value

z score

Crude OR

95% CI

p value

Demographics

 Age (years)

73.3 ± 8.4

69.4 ± 9.0

-

0.004

-

1.05

1.02–1.09

0.005

 Male

35 (70%)

167 (51.5%)

5.94

0.015

2.4

2.19

1.15–4.17

0.020

 Female

15 (30%)

157 (48.5%)

5.94

0.015

-2.4

0.46

0.24–0.87

0.020

 BMI

31.4 ± 5.9

31.2 ± 5.3

-

0.880

-

1.01

0.95–1.06

0.870

Past medical Hx

 Diabetes

9 (18%)

47 (14.5%)

0.42

0.519

0.6

1.30

0.59–2.84

0.520

 Hypertension

37 (74%)

207 (63.9%)

1.95

0.162

1.4

1.61

0.82–3.15

0.170

 Hypercholesterolaemia

30 (60.0%)

186 (57.4%)

0.12

0.730

0.3

1.11

0.61–2.04

0.730

 Smoking

6 (12.0%)

16 (4.9%)

9.52

0.009

2.0

3.39

1.22–9.42

0.020

 Ex-smoker

18 (36.0%)

73 (22.5%)

9.52

0.009

2.1

2.23

1.16–4.29

0.020

 Alcohol

6 (12.0%)

36 (11.1%)

0.03

0.853

0.2

1.09

0.43–2.74

0.850

 Asthma

7 (14.0%)

37 (11.4%)

0.28

0.598

0.5

1.26

0.53–3.01

0.600

 COPD

2 (4.0%)

12 (3.7%)

0.01

0.918

0.1

1.08

0.24–4.99

0.920

 OSA

4 (8.0%)

39 (12.0%)

0.69

0.405

-0.8

0.64

0.22–1.86

0.410

Past CV Hx

 Cardiac Hx total

16 (32%)

116 (35.8%)

0.27

0.601

-0.5

0.84

0.45–1.59

0.600

 CCF

0 (0.0%)

8 (2.5%)

1.26

0.261

-1.1

0.37

0.02–6.49

0.500

 MI

6 (12.0%)

22 (6.8%)

1.70

0.193

1.3

1.87

0.72–4.87

0.200

 CAD

11 (22%)

63 (19.4%)

0.18

0.673

0.4

1.14

0.56–2.34

0.710

 Valvular disease

5 (10.0%)

20 (6.2%)

1.02

0.313

1.0

1.69

0.60–4.73

0.320

 Arrhythmia

6 (12.0%)

49 (15.1%)

0.34

0.562

-0.6

0.79

0.32–1.94

0.610

 PVD

2 (4.0%)

5 (1.5%)

1.42

0.233

1.2

2.66

0.50–14.09

0.250

 CVA

8 (16.0%)

19 (5.9%)

6.64

0.010

2.6

2.45

1.04–5.74

0.040

 VTE

4 (8.0%)

10 (3.1%)

2.90

0.088

1.7

2.73

0.82–9.07

0.100

 CKD

3 (6.0%)

20 (6.2%)

0.47

0.790

0.0

0.97

0.28–3.37

0.970

Family Hx of cardiac disease

16 (32.0%)

56 (17.3%)

6.03

0.014

2.5

2.25

1.16–4.36

0.020

Baseline cardiac Ix

 ECG abnormality

24 (48.0%)

91 (28.1%)

8.07

0.005

2.8

2.36

1.29–4.33

0.005

 Ejection fraction (%)

58.9 ± 11.6

64.6 ± 7.3

-

0.002

-

0.93

0.89–0.96

<0.001

  1. Numerical predictor variables (age, BMI, ejection fraction) are presented as mean ± standard deviation and were assessed using an independent t test. Categorical predictor variables are presented as frequencies and were assessed using chi-squared test of independence. The crude ratio and associated 95% CI are also reported. Significant predictor variables are indicated by p < 0.05 
  2. ADACI abnormality detected upon additional cardiac investigation, OR odds ratio, BMI body mass index, CV cardiovascular, Hx history, CCF chronic heart failure, MI myocardial infarction, CAD coronary artery disease, PVD peripheral vascular disease, CVA cerebrovascular accident, VTE venous thromboembolism, CKD chronic kidney disease, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, OSA obstructive sleep apnoea, Ix investigation, ECG electrocardiogram