Variable | ACI | Statistics | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 138) | No (n = 236) | χ2 | p value | z score | Crude OR | 95% CI | p value | |
Demographics | ||||||||
Age (years) | 72.3 ± 8.7 | 68.5 ± 8.9 | – | < 0.001 | – | 1.05 | 1.03–1.08 | < 0.001 |
Male | 81 (58.7%) | 121 (51.3%) | 1.93 | 0.164 | 1.4 | 1.35 | 0.88–2.06 | 0.170 |
Female | 57 (41.3%) | 115 (48.7%) | 1.93 | 0.164 | -1.4 | 0.74 | 0.48–1.13 | 0.170 |
BMI | 31.4 ± 5.5 | 31.1 ± 5.3 | – | 0.592 | – | 1.01 | 0.97–1.05 | 0.590 |
Past medical Hx | ||||||||
Diabetes | 27 (19.6%) | 29 (12.3%) | 3.62 | 0.057 | 1.9 | 1.74 | 0.98–3.08 | 0.060 |
Hypertension | 105 (76.1%) | 139 (58.9%) | 11.35 | 0.001 | 3.4 | 2.22 | 1.39–3.55 | <0.001 |
Hypercholesterolaemia | 88 (63.8%) | 128 (54.2%) | 3.24 | 0.072 | 1.8 | 1.49 | 0.96–2.29 | 0.070 |
Smoking | 11 (8.0%) | 11 (4.7%) | 5.97 | 0.050 | 1.3 | 2.03 | 0.85–4.88 | 0.110 |
Ex-smoker | 41 (29.7%) | 50 (21.2%) | 5.97 | 0.050 | 1.9 | 1.67 | 1.03–2.7 | 0.040 |
Alcohol | 13 (9.4%) | 29 (12.3%) | 0.72 | 0.397 | - 0.8 | 0.74 | 0.37–1.48 | 0.400 |
CKD | 12 (8.7%) | 11 (4.7%) | 2.47 | 0.292 | 1.6 | 1.95 | 0.83–4.54 | 0.120 |
Asthma | 16 (11.6%) | 28 (11.9%) | 0.006 | 0.938 | -0.1 | 0.97 | 0.51–1.87 | 0.940 |
COPD | 7 (5.1%) | 7 (3.0%) | 1.07 | 0.300 | 1.0 | 1.75 | 0.60–5.09 | 1.000 |
OSA | 13 (9.4%) | 3 (12.7%) | 0.93 | 0.336 | -1.0 | 0.71 | 0.36–1.42 | 0.340 |
Past CV Hx | ||||||||
Cardiac Hx total | 63 (45.7%) | 69 (29.2%) | 10.27 | 0.001 | 3.2 | 2.03 | 1.31–3.15 | 0.002 |
CCF | 3 (2.2%) | 5 (2.1%) | 0.001 | 0.972 | 0.0 | 1.03 | 0.24–4.36 | 0.970 |
MI | 14 (10.1%) | 14 (5.9%) | 2.23 | 0.135 | 1.5 | 1.79 | 0.83–3.88 | 0.140 |
CAD | 38 (27.5%) | 36 (15.3%) | 8.28 | 0.004 | 2.9 | 2.11 | 1.26–3.53 | 0.005 |
Valvular disease | 10 (7.2%) | 15 (6.4%) | 0.11 | 0.739 | 0.3 | 1.15 | 0.50–2.64 | 0.740 |
Arrhythmia | 25 (18.1%) | 30 (12.7%) | 2.04 | 0.154 | 1.4 | 1.52 | 0.85–2.71 | 0.160 |
PVD | 4 (2.9%) | 3 (1.3%) | 1.26 | 0.262 | 1.1 | 2.32 | 0.51 –10.52 | 0.280 |
CVA | 19 (13.8%) | 8 (3.4%) | 14.00 | <0.001 | 3.7 | 4.55 | 1.93 –10.70 | <0.001 |
VTE | 8 (5.8%) | 6 (2.5%) | 2.56 | 0.110 | 1.6 | 2.36 | 0.80–6.95 | 0.120 |
Family Hx of cardiac disease | 42 (30.4%) | 30 (12.7%) | 17.60 | <0.001 | 4.2 | 3.00 | 1.77–5.09 | <0.0001 |
Baseline cardiac Ix | ||||||||
ECG abnormality | 53 (38.4%) | 62 (26.3%) | 6.02 | 0.014 | 2.5 | 1.75 | 1.12–2.74 | 0.001 |
Ejection fraction (%) | 62.0 ± 10.2 | 64.9 ± 6.7 | – | 0.005 | – | 0.96 | 0.93–0.99 | 0.002 |