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Table 1 Risk factors associated with additional cardiac investigation

From: Pre-operative clinical predictors for cardiology referral prior to total joint arthroplasty: the ‘asymptomatic’ patient

Variable

ACI

Statistics

Yes

(n = 138)

No

(n = 236)

χ2

p value

z score

Crude OR

95% CI

p value

Demographics

Age (years)

72.3 ± 8.7

68.5 ± 8.9

< 0.001

1.05

1.03–1.08

< 0.001

Male

81 (58.7%)

121 (51.3%)

1.93

0.164

1.4

1.35

0.88–2.06

0.170

Female

57 (41.3%)

115 (48.7%)

1.93

0.164

-1.4

0.74

0.48–1.13

0.170

BMI

31.4 ± 5.5

31.1 ± 5.3

0.592

1.01

0.97–1.05

0.590

Past medical Hx

 Diabetes

27 (19.6%)

29 (12.3%)

3.62

0.057

1.9

1.74

0.98–3.08

0.060

 Hypertension

105 (76.1%)

139 (58.9%)

11.35

0.001

3.4

2.22

1.39–3.55

<0.001

 Hypercholesterolaemia

88 (63.8%)

128 (54.2%)

3.24

0.072

1.8

1.49

0.96–2.29

0.070

 Smoking

11 (8.0%)

11 (4.7%)

5.97

0.050

1.3

2.03

0.85–4.88

0.110

 Ex-smoker

41 (29.7%)

50 (21.2%)

5.97

0.050

1.9

1.67

1.03–2.7

0.040

 Alcohol

13 (9.4%)

29 (12.3%)

0.72

0.397

- 0.8

0.74

0.37–1.48

0.400

 CKD

12 (8.7%)

11 (4.7%)

2.47

0.292

1.6

1.95

0.83–4.54

0.120

 Asthma

16 (11.6%)

28 (11.9%)

0.006

0.938

-0.1

0.97

0.51–1.87

0.940

 COPD

7 (5.1%)

7 (3.0%)

1.07

0.300

1.0

1.75

0.60–5.09

1.000

 OSA

13 (9.4%)

3 (12.7%)

0.93

0.336

-1.0

0.71

0.36–1.42

0.340

Past CV Hx

 Cardiac Hx total

63 (45.7%)

69 (29.2%)

10.27

0.001

3.2

2.03

1.31–3.15

0.002

 CCF

3 (2.2%)

5 (2.1%)

0.001

0.972

0.0

1.03

0.24–4.36

0.970

 MI

14 (10.1%)

14 (5.9%)

2.23

0.135

1.5

1.79

0.83–3.88

0.140

 CAD

38 (27.5%)

36 (15.3%)

8.28

0.004

2.9

2.11

1.26–3.53

0.005

 Valvular disease

10 (7.2%)

15 (6.4%)

0.11

0.739

0.3

1.15

0.50–2.64

0.740

 Arrhythmia

25 (18.1%)

30 (12.7%)

2.04

0.154

1.4

1.52

0.85–2.71

0.160

 PVD

4 (2.9%)

3 (1.3%)

1.26

0.262

1.1

2.32

0.51 –10.52

0.280

 CVA

19 (13.8%)

8 (3.4%)

14.00

<0.001

3.7

4.55

1.93 –10.70

<0.001

 VTE

8 (5.8%)

6 (2.5%)

2.56

0.110

1.6

2.36

0.80–6.95

0.120

Family Hx of cardiac disease

42 (30.4%)

30 (12.7%)

17.60

<0.001

4.2

3.00

1.77–5.09

<0.0001

Baseline cardiac Ix

 ECG abnormality

53 (38.4%)

62 (26.3%)

6.02

0.014

2.5

1.75

1.12–2.74

0.001

 Ejection fraction (%)

62.0 ± 10.2

64.9 ± 6.7

0.005

0.96

0.93–0.99

0.002

  1. Numerical predictor variables (age, BMI, ejection fraction) are presented as mean ± standard deviation and were assessed using an independent t test. Categorical predictor variables are presented as frequencies and were assessed using chi-squared test of independence. The crude ratio and associated 95% CI are also reported. Significant predictor variables are indicated by p < 0.05
  2. ACI additional cardiac investigation, OR odds ratio, BMI body mass index, CV cardiovascular, Hx history, CCF chronic heart failure, MI myocardial infarction, CAD coronary artery disease, PVD peripheral vascular disease, CVA cerebrovascular accident, VTE venous thromboembolism, CKD chronic kidney disease, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, OSA obstructive sleep apnoea, ECG electrocardiogram, Ix investigation