Author, year, reference | Age (years) | Country | Sample size total | Sample size male | Sample size female | Prevalence % | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asia | |||||||
 Agrawal et al., 2014, [17] | 3783 ≤ 50, 1949 ≥ 50 | India | 5732 | 2516 | 3216 | 7.2 | Diabetic population |
 Kiani et al., 2014, [18] | 54.0 ± 13.2 Fe, 51.6 ± 16.5 Ma | Iran | 432 | 134 | 298 | 7.4 | Diabetic population |
 Al-Matubsi et al., 2011, [19] | 51.82 ± 11.68 | Jordan | 187 | 77 | 110 | 17.6 | Diabetic population |
 Lee et al., 2018, [20] | 54 men, 49.5 women (mean) | South Korea | 16630 | - | - | 3.2 | General population |
 Rajendran et al. (1), 2010, [21] | 53.8 ± 8.2 | India | 206 | 98 | 108 | 84.0 | Diabetic population |
 Rajendran et al. (2), 2010, [21] | 52.4 ± 8.3 | India | 203 | 106 | 97 | 58.6 | General population |
 Tajica et al., 2014, [22] | 66.7 (40–92) | Japan | 401 | 163 | 238 | 7.0 | General population |
 Yeh et al., 2015, [23] | 60.7 ± 18.4 (men), 53.7 ± 15.5 (women) | China | 1078 | 681 | 397 | 8.9 | General population |
 Pandey et al. (1), 2013, [24] | 51.8 ± 11.5 (19–65) | India | 200 | 102 | 98 | 19.0 | Diabetic population |
 Pandey et al. (2), 2013, [24] | 53.1 ± 12.5 (19–65) | India | 200 | 99 | 101 | 6.0 | General population |
Europe | |||||||
 Degreef et al., 2010, [25] | ≥ 50 | Belgium | 500 | 265 | 235 | 31.6 | General population |
 Gumundsson et al., 1999, [26] | 46–74 | Norway | 1297 | 1297 | 0 | 19.2 | General population |
 Nordenskjöld et al., 2017, [27] | Over 20 | Sweden | 1300000 | 5208 | 1299 | 0.5 | General population |
 Wijnen et al., 2017, [28] | Born between 1900 and 1999 | Belgium | 215251 | 451 | 274 | 0.3 | General population |
 Arafa et al. (1), 1984, [29] | Over 30 | England | 392 | 131 | 261 | 6.4 | Rheumatoid arthritis |
 Arafa et al. (2), 1984, [29] | Over 30 | England | 555 | 254 | 301 | 16.0 | General population |
 Arafa et al. (3), 1991, [30] | Over 30 | England | 342 | 177 | 165 | 12.0 | David Lewis Center Of Epilepsy Patient |
 Arafa et al. (4), 1991, [30] | Over 30 | England | 373 | 241 | 132 | 37.8 | Chalfont Center Of Epilepsy Patient |
 Arkkila et al., 1996, [31] | 33.2 ± 9.9 type I; 61.1 ± 12.4 type II | Finland | 425 | 200 | 225 | 13.9 | Diabetic population |
 Arkkila et al., 2000, [32] | 43.4 ± 9.5 | Finland | 28 | 28 | 0 | 32.1 | Diabetes type I |
 Attali et al. (1), 1987, [33] | 54 ± 18 | France | 432 | 246 | 186 | 28 | Different groups which are named |
 Attali et al. (2), 1987, [33] | 58.9 ± 22.7 | France | 174 | 77 | 97 | 12.6 | General population |
 Bergenudd et al., 1993, [34] | 55 years old | Sweden | 574 | 255 | 319 | 6.3 | Light, moderate and heavy physical workers |
 French et al., 1990, [35] | 23–56 | England | 50 | 50 | 0 | 6.0 | Patients with HIV |
 Bennett (1), 1982, [36] | 15–64 | UK | 216 | 216 | 0 | 7.4 | Manual workers in bagging and packing plant |
 Bennett (2), 1982, [36] | 15–64 | UK | 84 | 84 | 0 | 1.2 | Workers in no bagging or packing |
 Broekstra et al. (1), 2016, [37] | 65–71 | Netherlands | 169 | 169 | 0 | 51.5 | Hockey players aged over 60 years |
 Broekstra et al. (2), 2016, [37] | 59–71 | Netherlands | 156 | 156 | 0 | 13.5 | General population |
 Burke et al., 2005, [38] | 25–99 | UK | 97537 | 97537 | 0 | 8.1 | Miners |
 Descatha et al., 2012, | 20–59 | France | 2161 | 2161 | 0 | 1.2 | Manual workers |
 Descatha et al., 2013, [39] | 59–73 | France | 13587 | 3570 | 1017 | 7.4 | General population |
 Edington et al. (1), 1991, [40] | 62 ± 9 | UK | 200 | 124 | 76 | 23.5 | Diabetic population |
 Edington et al. (2), 1991, [40] | 58 ± 6 | UK | 170 | 103 | 67 | 24.7 | General population |
 Finsen et al., 2001, [41] | Over 50 | Norway | 456 | 261 | 195 | 7.7 | General population |
 Gamstedt et al., 1993, [42] | 19–62 (mean 42) | Sweden | 99 | 49 | 50 | 16.2 | Diabetic population |
 Kristján et al., 2000, [43] | Over 45 | Iceland | 2165 | 1297 | 868 | 13.3 | General population |
 Carson et al., 1993, [44] | 65 to 97 (mean 76.2) | UK | 400 | 400 | 0 | 13.8 | Ex-military service pensioners |
 Khan et al., 2004, [45] | Over 40 | England and Wales | 502493 | 502493 | 0 | 0.03 | General population |
 Kovacs et al. (1), 2012, [46] | 52.46 ± 13.56 | Romania | 187 | 93 | 94 | 26.7 | Diabetic population |
 Kovacs et al. (2), 2012, [46] | 51.19 ± 16.21 | Romania | 197 | 97 | 100 | 5.6 | General population |
 Lanting et al., 2013, | 50–89 | Netherlands | 763 | 348 | 415 | 22.1 | General population |
 Lennox et al., 1993, [47] | Over 60 | Scotland | 200 | 100 | 100 | 30.0 | Consecutive geriatric patients |
 Noble et al. (1), 1992, [48] | Over 30 | England | 100 |  |  | 28.0 | Alcoholic patients |
 Noble et al. (2), 1992, [48] | Over 30 | England | 82 |  |  | 22.0 | Hepatic non-alcoholic patient |
 Noble et al. (3), 1992, [48] | Over 30 | England | 100 |  |  | 8.0 | General population |
 Palmer et al., 2015, [49] | 16–64 | UK | 4969 | 4969 | 0 | 1.4 | General population |
 Patri et al., 1986, [50] | 20–90 | France | 155 | 76 | 79 | 9.0 | General population |
 Ramchurn et al., 2009, [51] | 55 | UK | 96 | 60 | 36 | 12.5 | Diabetic population |
 Thomas and Clarke, 1992, [52] | 25–85 | UK | 500 | 499 | 1 | 13.6 | General population |
 Caffiniire et al., 1983, [53] | 20–65 | France | 5206 | 5206 | 0 | 3.8 | Iron workers |
 Zerajic and Finsen, 2004, [54] | Over 50 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1207 | 610 | 597 | 25.2 | General population |
 Bulfoni (1), 1980, [55] | - | Italy | 125 | - | - | 72.0 | Alcoholic cirrhosis |
 Bulfoni (2), 1980, [55] | - | Italy | 185 | - | - | 37.8 | Hepatic alcoholic involvement without cirrhosis |
 Bulfoni (3), 1980, [55] | - | Italy | 163 | - | - | 23.9 | Alcoholism without hepatic involvement |
 Diris et al., 2003, [56] | - | France | 100 | - | - | 7.0 | Diabetic population |
 Renard et al. (1), 1994, [57] | - | France | 60 |  |  | 35.0 | Diabetic type I |
 Renard et al. (2), 1994, [57] | - | France | 60 |  |  | 30.0 | Diabetic type II |
 Renard et al. (3), 1994, [57] | - | France | 120 |  |  | 6.7 | General population |
 Stradner et al., 1987, [58] | - | UK | 100 |  |  | 42.0 | Diabetic population |
 Trybus et al., 2012, [59] | - | Poland | 101 |  |  | 14.9 | General population |
 Sari, 2013, [60] | 51.14 ± 15.85 | Turkey | 21450 | 6477 | 14973 | 0.04 | Physiotherapy and rehabilitation |
 Ardic et al. (1), 2002, [61] | 57.8 ± 11.9 (32–81) | Turkey | 78 | 23 | 55 | 21.8 | Diabetic population |
 Ardic et al. (2), 2002, [61] | 55.7 ± 11.5 (30–79) | Turkey | 37 | 10 | 27 | 2.7 | General population |
 Aydeniz et al. (1), 2008, [62] | 58.0 ± 9.1 | Turkey | 102 | 44 | 58 | 12.7 | Diabetic population |
 Aydeniz et al. (2), 2008, [62] | 60.1 ± 7.6 | Turkey | 101 | 50 | 51 | 3.9 | General population |
 Cakir et al., 2003, [63] | 46 ± 12 (20–76) | Turkey | 137 | 26 | 11 | 8.8 | Thyroid disease |
Africa | |||||||
 Beighton and Valkenburg, 1974, [64] | Over 35 | South Africa | 111 | 63 | 48 | 13.5 | General population |
 Mustafa et al., 2016, [65] | 57.8 ± 9.5 (range 23–88) | South Africa | 1000 | 478 | 522 | 18.6 | Diabetic population |
America | |||||||
 Barton and Barton (1), 2012, [66] | 48 ± 13 M/51 ± 14 W | USA | 294 | 188 | 106 | 1.0 | Hemochromatosis probands with HFE C282Y homozygosity |
 Barton and Barton (2), 2012, [66] | 48 ± 13 M/51 ± 15 W | USA | 67 | 39 | 28 | 1.5 | Hemochromatosis probands with C282y/H63d compound heterozygosity |
 Dibenedetti et al., 2011, [67] | Over 18 | USA | 23103 | 11420 | 11683 | 2.0 | General population |
 Diep et al., 2015, [68] | Over 18 | USA | 827 | 353 | 474 | 37.0 | Asymptomatic patients |
 Robert et al., 1977, [69] | 29–80 (mean 57) | USA | 55 | 13 | 42 | 10.9 | Rheumatoid arthritis |
 Larkin et al., 2014, [70] | 52.2 ± 6.9 | USA | 1217 | 633 | 584 | 8.6 | Diabetes type I |
 Patel et al., 2014, [71] | 59.1 ± 12.90 | USA | 97 | 51 | 46 | 19.6 | Patients with psoriasis |
 Alesia et al., 1999, [72] | Over 25 | USA | 324300 |  |  | 0.3 | General population |
 Su et al. (1), 1972, [73] | - | USA | 142 | 142 | 0 | 12.0 | General population |
 Su et al. (2), 1972, [73] | - | USA | 130 | 130 | 0 | 19.2 | Alcoholic without cirrhosis |
 Su et al. (3), 1972, [73] | - | USA | 133 | 133 | 0 | 18.0 | Alcoholic with cirrhosis |
 Weinstein et al. (1), 2011, [74] | Over 40 | USA | 220748 | - | - | 0.5 | Hispanic population |
 Weinstein et al. (2), 2011, [74] | Over 40 | USA | 137205 | - | - | 0.3 | Black population |
 Weinstein et al. (3), 2011, [74] | Over 40 | USA | 118909 | - | - | 0.3 | White population |
 Weinstein et al. (4), 2011, [74] | Over 40 | USA | 70058 | - | - | 0.3 | Asian population |
 Weinstein et al. (5), 2011, [74] | Over 40 | USA | 2055 | - | - | 0.3 | Native American |
 Weinstein et al. (6), 2011, [74] | Over 40 | USA | 607119 | - | - | 0.4 | Other population |