Table 2 Clinic intervention protocol of RCTs included in the meta-analysis
Studies | Intervention details | Intervention and comparison | Type of music | Follow-up assessments | Intervention treatment | Control treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Allred et al. | Music via headphones | Music vs. quiet rest period | Easy listening | D1:T1 = 20 min before first PT session; T2 = just before PT; T3 = immediately after PT, T4 = 20 min after PT; T5 = 6 hours after intervention. | Listening to CD of easy listening music on headphones 20 min before first ambulation and for 20 min rest period after ambulation. Music had no lyrics, 60–80 beats/min. | 20 min quiet rest period |
Chen et al. | Music via broadcast speakers | Music vs. standard care | Soothing piano and violin | I. 10 min while the investigator prepared the study equipment at rest. II. In the surgical room in the morning. III. In the postoperative recovery area after the surgery. IV. Sending back to the ward One hour later. | Soothing piano and Chinese violin music played on a CD player through broadcast speakers. Played for 30 min in the preoperative ward, 30 min in the surgical room waiting area and 1 h in postoperative recovery. | Usual care |
Finlay et al. | Music via headphones | Music vs. quiet bed rest | Varying degrees of harmonicity and rhythmicity | Pre-operative assessment at pre-admissions 2 weeks. All assessment measures were completed (D1–3) each day post-surgery. PCA usage was monitored pre-intervention in the immediate 24 h post-operatively (D0). | Four music-listening groups with four music types. Being visited daily and completing pre- and post-test at the same time each day, once per day for 3 days after surgery | Wearing noise canceling headphones with no input |
Hooks et al. | Music via headphones | Music vs. quiet bed rest | Soft rock, jazz, Easy listening, R&B, Classical, Bluegrass, Country, Gospel, Pop, Nature sound | The patients were monitored in the morning between the times of 10:00 AM to 12:00 PM, early afternoon between 2:00 PM to 5:00 PM and evening between 7:30 PM to 9:30 PM on the first day after surgery. | The patients were asked not to alter the music player at any time. Before each session with the patients, I checked with the nurse and physical therapist to make sure the 30-min session would not interfere with the patient’s care plan. | wearing the ear buds for 30 min without music and the individual patient room door closed |
Hsu et al. | Music via headphones | Music vs. standard care | Relaxing slow tempo, low tone, and soft melody | Receiving CPM rehabilitation twice daily (10 AM and 4 PM) on the first and second day following surgery | Listening to music from 10 min before receiving CPM until the end of the session (25 min in total) on the first and second day following surgery | Only to rest in bed 10 min before CPM. |
Leonard et al | Music via music therapist | Music vs. standard care | Rock, Country, Traditional, Pop, Pop, Jazz, Bossa Nova | Baseline (1 min after flexion assessment), after each 2 min intervention period (two periods). | Music therapy during bicycling pedaling exercise postoperatively. Live music was played by a music therapist during PT supported pedaling exercise for 2 min, then pedaling alone with no music. Music included singing with paced guitar accompaniment and at a moderate/fast tempo. | Pedaling exercise with no music. |
Simcock et al. | Music via headphones | Music vs. placebo | Patient’s choice what they like | Baseline, 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h after surgery procedure | Patient selection music during surgery by wearing headphones. | White noise control on headphones. |
You et al. | Music via headphones | Music vs. quiet rest period | Soothing music | Preoperative , the first day and the second day after surgery during CPM | Starting CPM and listening to music until the end of the first 10 min during surgery by wearing headphones. | Usual care |