|
Local factor
|
Segmental angle [11]
|
Angle between the perpendicular line of the lower endplate of the upper vertebra and upper endplate of the lower vertebra
|
|
Segmental translation [11]
|
Forward or backward slippage on a lateral radiograph
|
|
Lumbar factor
|
Short lumbar lordosis [5]
|
Cobb angle between the upper endplate of the fused vertebra and lower endplate of the fused vertebra
|
|
Whole lumbar lordosis [5]
|
Cobb angle between the upper endplate of L1 and the lower endplate of L5
|
|
Spinopelvic factor
|
Pelvic incidence [12]
|
Angle between the perpendicular line to the mid-point of the upper sacral endplate and mid-point of both femoral heads
|
|
Pelvic tilt [12]
|
Angle between the vertical line from the femoral head and center of the sacral endplate
|
|
Sacral slope [12]
|
Angle between the vertical line and superior sacral endplate
|
|
Global sagittal balance
|
Thoracic kyphosis [12]
|
Angle between the T4 upper endplate and T12 lower endplate
|
|
Sagittal vertical axis [12]
|
Distance from the vertical line of the C7 body to the inferior lateral corner of the L5 body
|
|
Sagittal balance [12]
|
Sagittal vertical axis line located within 5 cm
|
|
Implant failure
|
Subsidence [13]
|
Greater or equal to 2 mm loss of height
|
|
Pseudoarthrosis [6]
|
Bony non-union between two vertebrae
|
|
Proximal junctional kyphosis [6]
|
Proximal junction Cobb angle of at least 10° greater than the preoperative angle
|
|
Screw malposition [6]
|
Perforated pedicular screw
|
