Table 1 Univariate analyses of risk factors associated with DVT following ankle fracture surgeries
Variables | Number (%) of DVT (n = 38) | Number (%) of non-DVT (n = 1413) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
Gender (male) | 19 (50.0) | 806 (57.0) | 0.387 |
Age (years) | 55.6 ± 14.6 | 43.4 ± 15.0 | < 0.001 |
18–44 | 11 (28.9) | 764 (54.1) | 0.001 |
45–64 | 18 (47.4) | 515 (36.4) | |
65 or older | 9 (23.7) | 134 (9.5) | |
Living place | 0.789 | ||
Rural | 23 (60.5) | 777 (55.1) | |
Urban | 15 (39.5) | 635 (44.9) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.5 ± 3.6 | 25.9 ± 4.1 | 0.181 |
18.5–23.9 | 11 (28.9) | 414 (29.3) | |
< 18.5 | 2 (5.3) | 25 (1.8) | |
24.0–27.9 | 18 (47.4) | 608 (43.0) | |
≥ 28.0 | 7 (18.4) | 366 (25.9) | |
Cigarette smoking | 9 (23.7) | 212 (15.0) | 0.142 |
Alcohol consumption | 11 (28.9) | 387 (27.4) | 0.832 |
Diabetes mellitus | 12 (31.6) | 179 (12.7) | 0.001 |
Hypertension | 9 (23.7) | 183 (13.0) | 0.054 |
Chronic heart disease | 3 (7.9) | 65 (4.6) | 0.343 |
History of allergies to any medications | 8 (21.1) | 202 (14.3) | 0.243 |
History of any surgery | 5 (13.2) | 109 (7.7) | 0.218 |
Injury mechanism (high energy) | 10 (26.3) | 284 (20.1) | 0.347 |
Fracture location | 0.757 | ||
Unimalleolar | 17 (44.7) | 656 (45.8) | |
Bimalleolar | 7 (18.4) | 323 (22.5) | |
Trimalleolar | 14 (36.8) | 454 (31.7) | |
Accompanied dislocation or subluxation | 9 (23.7) | 258 (17.9) | 0.361 |
Preoperative stay | 7.7 ± 3.2 | 5.3 ± 3.6 | < 0.001 |
Total hospital stay | 23.0 ± 7.8 | 16.1 ± 14.7 | 0.004 |
Anesthesia (general) | 19 (50.0) | 271 (19.2) | < 0.001 |
ASA class | 0.033 | ||
I | 4 (10.5) | 250 (17.7) | |
II | 25 (65.8) | 1011 (71.5) | |
III or above | 9 (23.7) | 152 (10.8) | |
Operation timing | 0.293 | ||
Day | 38 (100) | 1373 (97.2) | |
Night | 0 | 40 (2.8) | |
Type of fracture reduction | 0.780 | ||
Closed | 1 (2.6) | 49 (3.5) | |
Open | 37 (97.4) | 1364 (96.5) | |
Fixation type | |||
Screw or pins only | 0 | 73 (5.2) | 0.150 |
Plate and screws | 38 (100) | 1340 | |
Bone grafting | 2 (5.3) | 52 (3.7) | 0.611 |
Intraoperative bleeding | 254.2 ± 349.6 | 167.1 ± 213.9 | 0.014 |
Perioperative blood transfusion (yes) | 3 (7.9) | 44 (3.1) | 0.101 |
Surgical duration | 134.9 ± 74.4 | 130.7 ± 58.2 | 0.664 |
TP (< 60 g/L) | 12 (31.6) | 245 (17.3) | 0.023 |
ALB (< 35 g/L) | 10 (26.3) | 171 (12.1) | 0.009 |
Intraoperative prophylactic use of antibiotics | 38 (100) | 1332 (94.3) | 0.129 |
Postoperative use of antibiotics | 36 (94.7) | 1304 (92.3) | 0.575 |
FBG (> 6.1 mmol/L) | 15 (39.5) | 398 (28.2) | 0.127 |
TC (> 5.2 mmol/L) | 13 (34.2) | 237 (16.8) | 0.005 |
TG (> 1.7 mmol/L) | 7 (18.4) | 270 (19.1) | 0.915 |
LDL-C (> 3.37 mmol/L) | 11 (28.9) | 250 (17.7) | 0.075 |
HDL-C (< 1.1 mmol/L) | 12 (31.6) | 511 (36.2) | 0.561 |
VLDL (> 0.78 mmol/L) | 6 (15.8) | 263 (18.6) | 0.659 |
WBC (> 10 × 109/L) | 8 (21.1) | 373 (26.4) | 0.460 |
NEUT (> 6.3 × 109/L) | 17 (44.7) | 603 (42.7) | 0.726 |
LYM (< 1.1 × 109/L) | 20 (52.6) | 273 (19.3) | < 0.001 |
RBC (< lower limit) | 15 (39.5) | 271 (19.2) | 0.002 |
HGB (< lower limit) | 15 (39.5) | 269 (19.0) | 0.002 |
HCT (< lower limit) | 22 (57.9) | 563 (39.8) | 0.025 |
PLT (> 300 × 109/L) | 6 (15.8) | 256 (18.1) | 0.713 |
PDW (> 18.1%) | 2 (5.3) | 18 (1.3) | 0.037 |
RDW (> 16.5%) | 4 (10.5) | 52 (3.7) | 0.031 |
D-dimer (> 0.3 mg/L) | 30 (81.1) | 860 (60.9) | 0.013 |