Table 1 Summary of study and patient characteristics
Study | Study type | Country | Intervention | Case | Age, years | M/F | Nonunion time (months) | Follow-up (months) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cook [15] | RCT | USA | BMP Autologous bone | 14 16 | – – | 23 7 | 27.2 | > 9 | (1), (2) |
Chen et al. [19] | RCT | China | BMP + inorganic bone Autologous bone | 20 30 | 35 35 | – – | 8.5 | 13.9 (8–60) | (1), (3) |
Friedlaender et al. [16] | RCT | USA | BMP + autologous bone Autologous bone | 63 61 | 38 34 | 88 34 | 17 | 24 | (1), (2), (5) |
Zimmermann et al. [20] | n-RCT | Germany | BMP + autologous bone Autologous bone | 26 82 | 51 44 | 82 26 | 10 11 | > 12 | (1), (2) (5) |
Tressler et al. [21] | n-RCT | USA | BMP Autologous bone | 19 74 | 45.11 41.69 | 57 36 | > 6 | 20 ± 17.7 | (1), (2) |
von Ruden et al. [17] | RCT | Germany | BMP + autologous bone Autologous bone | 24 25 | 43 45 | 38 11 | 11 | 14 (6–8) 15 (6–54) | (1), (3) |
Yin et al. [22] | n-RCT | China | BMP + autologous bone Autologous bone | 26 21 | 38 39 | 35 12 | – | 10–24 | (1), (3), (4) |
Hackl et al. [23] | n-RCT | Germany | BMP + autologous bone Autologous bone | 62 50 | – | 75 37 | – | > 12 | (1), (4) |
Humerus | 13/9 | 49.0/51.0 | 13/9 | 14.8 ± 3.8 | |||||
Femoral | 28/13 | 55.2/42.4 | 28/13 | 11.7 ± 1.1 | |||||
Tibia | 21/28 | 51.6 42.3 | 34/15 | 10.3 ± 2.6 | |||||
Liu et al. [18] | RCT | China | BMP + autologous bone Autologous bone | 22 20 | 42.25 41.57 | 26 16 | – | 6–24 | (1), (3), (4), (5) |