Table 1 Summary of study and patient characteristics
| Study | Study type | Country | Intervention | Case | Age, years | M/F | Nonunion time (months) | Follow-up (months) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cook [15] | RCT | USA |
BMP Autologous bone |
14 16 |
– – |
23 7 | 27.2 | > 9 | (1), (2) |
| Chen et al. [19] | RCT | China |
BMP + inorganic bone Autologous bone |
20 30 |
35 35 |
– – | 8.5 | 13.9 (8–60) | (1), (3) |
| Friedlaender et al. [16] | RCT | USA |
BMP + autologous bone Autologous bone |
63 61 |
38 34 |
88 34 | 17 | 24 | (1), (2), (5) |
| Zimmermann et al. [20] | n-RCT | Germany |
BMP + autologous bone Autologous bone |
26 82 |
51 44 |
82 26 |
10 11 | > 12 | (1), (2) (5) |
| Tressler et al. [21] | n-RCT | USA |
BMP Autologous bone |
19 74 |
45.11 41.69 |
57 36 | > 6 | 20 ± 17.7 | (1), (2) |
| von Ruden et al. [17] | RCT | Germany |
BMP + autologous bone Autologous bone |
24 25 |
43 45 |
38 11 | 11 |
14 (6–8) 15 (6–54) | (1), (3) |
| Yin et al. [22] | n-RCT | China |
BMP + autologous bone Autologous bone |
26 21 |
38 39 |
35 12 | – | 10–24 | (1), (3), (4) |
| Hackl et al. [23] | n-RCT | Germany |
BMP + autologous bone Autologous bone |
62 50 | – |
75 37 | – | > 12 | (1), (4) |
| Humerus | 13/9 | 49.0/51.0 | 13/9 | 14.8 ± 3.8 | |||||
| Femoral | 28/13 | 55.2/42.4 | 28/13 | 11.7 ± 1.1 | |||||
| Tibia | 21/28 |
51.6 42.3 | 34/15 | 10.3 ± 2.6 | |||||
| Liu et al. [18] | RCT | China |
BMP + autologous bone Autologous bone |
22 20 |
42.25 41.57 |
26 16 | – | 6–24 | (1), (3), (4), (5) |