From: Accuracy and safety of C2 pedicle or pars screw placement: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Author(s) [Ref.] | Year | Country | Number of C2 screws used | Sample size (n) | Age mean (SD, range) years | Gender ratio (M:F) | Design | Assessing C2 screw placement accuracy classification | Accuracy rate (%) | Study quality | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Free-hand | Navigation | Free-hand | Navigation | |||||||||||||
Pedicle | Pars | Pedicle | Pars | Pedicle | Pars | Pedicle | Pars | |||||||||
Abumi et al. [11] | 2000 | Japan | 74 | NR | NR | NR | 74 out of 669 screw of 180 patients | 70 (13–84) of 180 patients | 106:74 | Retrospective | Post-op CT, without classification | 95.9 (71/74) | NR | NR | NR | 6 |
Harms et al. [12] | 2001 | Germany | 74 | NR | NR | NR | 37 | 49 (2–90) | 19:18 | Retrospective | Postoperative X-rays, without classification | 100 (74/74) | NR | NR | NR | 6 |
Goel et al. [13] | 2002 | India | 320 | NR | NR | NR | 160 | 23 (1.7–79) | 91:69 | Retrospective | Satisfactory was considered, if the screw did not protrude more than 4 mm beyond the anterior cortex of the lateral mass of the atlas and axis | 98.1 (314/320) | NR | NR | NR | 8 |
Chen et al. [14] | 2005 | Taiwan | 22 | NR | NR | NR | 11 | 48.6 (21–73) | 8:3 | Retrospective | Post-op CT, without classification | 86.4 (19/22) | NR | NR | NR | 5 |
Ondra et al. [15] | 2006 | USA | 117 | 33 | NR | NR | 79 | 48 (15–91) | 45:34 | Retrospective | Post-op CT, without classification | 91.4 (107/117) | 96.9 (32/33) | NR | NR | 7 |
Stulik et al. [16] | 2007 | Czech Republic | 56 | NR | NR | NR | 28 | 59.5 (23–89) | 18:10 | Retrospective | Post-op CT, without classification | 94.6 (53/56) | NR | NR | NR | 6 |
Yeom et al. [17] | 2008 | South Korea | 39 | NR | NR | NR | 23 | 47 (7–69) | 15:8 | Retrospective | Modified Gertzbein and Robbins | 79.5 (31/39) | NR | NR | NR | 7 |
Li et al. [18] | 2008 | China | 42 | NR | NR | NR | 23 | 38 (19–52) | 16:7 | Retrospective | Postoperative X-rays, without classification | 100 (42/42) | NR | NR | NR | 6 |
Sciubba et al. [19] | 2009 | USA | 100 | NR | NR | NR | 55 | 56.7 (14–87) | 31:24 | Prospective | Sciubba et al. classification | 85 (85/100) | NR | NR | NR | 8 |
Parker et al. [20] | 2009 | USA | 161 | NR | NR | NR | 85 | 59.2 (18.1) | 57:28 | Retrospective | A breach was defined > 20% of screw outside of pedicle | 93.1 (150/161) | NR | NR | NR | 8 |
Yukawa et al. [21] | 2009 | Japan | 23 | NR | NR | NR | 23 out of 620 screw of 144 patients | 44.1 (14–90) of 144 patients | 125:19 | Retrospective | Yukawa et al. classification | 65.2 (15/23) | NR | NR | NR | 7 |
Payer et al. [22] | 2009 | Switzerland | NR | 24 | NR | NR | 12 | 58 (23–78) | 8:4 | Prospective | Post-op CT, without classification | NR | 91.7 (22/24) | NR | NR | 5 |
De Iure et al. [23] | 2009 | Italy | 20 | NR | NR | NR | 12 | 33.4 (14–62) | 6:6 | Retrospective | Post-op CT, without classification | 100 (20/20) | NR | NR | NR | 5 |
Simsek et al. [24] | 2009 | Turkey | 34 | NR | NR | NR | 17 | 40 (6–74) | 13:4 | Retrospective | Post-op CT, without classification | 100 (34/34) | NR | NR | NR | 5 |
Tan et al. [25] | 2009 | China | 22 | NR | NR | NR | 11 out of 17 patients | 42.5 (25–67) of 17 patients | 12:5 | Retrospective | Post-op CT, without classification | 100 (22/22) | NR | NR | NR | 5 |
Xie et al. [26] | 2009 | China | 50 | NR | NR | NR | 25 | 42 (18–70) | 15:10 | Retrospective | Post-op CT, without classification | 100 (50/50) | NR | NR | NR | 6 |
Miyamoto et al. [27] | 2009 | Japan | 32 | NR | NR | NR | 32 out of 130 screw of 29 patients | 61.2 (17.4) | 19:10 | Retrospective | Neo et al. classification | 100 (32/32) | NR | NR | NR | 7 |
Mueller et al. [28] | 2010 | Germany | 47 | NR | NR | NR | 27 | 56 (22) | 13:14 | To 24-month postoperatively | Modified Gertzbein and Robbins | 82.9 | NR | NR | NR | 8 |
Alosh et al. [29] | 2010 | USA | 170 | NR | NR | NR | 93 | 57.9 (17.4) | 59:34 | Retrospective | Modified Gertzbein and Robbins | 74.7 (127/170) | NR | NR | NR | 8 |
Wang et al. [ 30] | 2010 | USA | 638 | NR | NR | NR | 319 | 38.3 (4–73) | 195:124 | Retrospective | Wang et al. classification | 92.8 (592/638) | NR | NR | NR | 8 |
Lee et al. [30] | 2010 | South Korea | 54 | NR | NR | NR | 27 | 51 (7–79) | 11:16 | Retrospective | Post-op CT, without classification | 98.1 (53/54) | NR | NR | NR | 6 |
Mummaneni et al. [31] | 2010 | USA | NR | 76 | NR | NR | 38 out of 42 patients | 64 (19–91) | 24:18 | Retrospective | Post-op CT, without classification | NR | 100 (76/76) | NR | NR | 6 |
Ni et al. [32] | 2010 | China | 26 | NR | NR | NR | 13 | 48.5 (32–65) | 9:4 | Retrospective | Post-op CT, without classification | 100 (26/26) | NR | NR | NR | 5 |
Bransford et al. [33] | 2011 | USA | 260 | 56 | NR | NR | 328 | Over 7 years | 188:140 | Retrospective | Upendra et al. classification | 98.8 (257/260) | 94.6 (53/56) | NR | NR | 9 |
Ishikawa et al. [34] | 2011 | Japan | NR | NR | 24 | NR | 24 out of 108 screw of 21 patients | 67.2 (42–83) of 21 patients | 9:12 | Retrospective | Neo et al. classification | NR | NR | Overall 88.9 | NR | 7 |
Hamilton et al. [35] | 2011 | USA | 80 | 8 | NR | NR | 44 | 71 (67–89 ) | 23:21 | Retrospective | Post-op CT, without classification | 100 (80/80) | 100 (8/8) | NR | NR | 7 |
Chun et al. [36] | 2011 | South Korea | 30 | NR | NR | NR | 15 | 56.8 (27–74 ) | 5:10 | Retrospective | Post-op CT, without classification | 100 (30/30) | NR | NR | NR | 5 |
Thailand | NR | 20 | NR | NR | 10 | 15–59 | 7:3 | Retrospective | Post-op CT, without classification | NR | 100 (20/20) | NR | NR | 5 | ||
Lee et al. [38] | 2011 | South Korea | 82 | 6 | NR | NR | 44 | 47.7 (4–84) | 28:16 | Retrospective | Post-op CT, without classification | 95.1 (78/82) | 100 (6/6) | NR | NR | 7 |
Kang et al. [39] | 2012 | USA | NR | 32 | NR | NR | 20 | 66 (19–89 ) | 9:11 | Retrospective | Post-op CT, without classification | NR | 96.9 (31/32) | NR | NR | 5 |
Kawaguchi et al. [40] | 2012 | Japan | 16 | NR | NR | NR | 16 out of 44 screw of 11 patients | 57.4 (14–78 ) | 2:9 | Retrospective | Neo et al. classification | 100 (16/16) | NR | NR | NR | 7 |
Germany | 68 | NR | NR | NR | 35 | 64 (8–90) | 20:15 | Prospective | Post-op CT, without classification | 82.3 (56/68) | NR | NR | NR | 5 | ||
Jeon et al. [42] | South Korea | 28 | 6 | NR | NR | 17 | 40.4 (15–68) | 9:8 | Retrospective | Post-op CT, without classification | 96.4 (27/28) | 100 (6/6) | NR | NR | 6 | |
Tauchi et al. [43] | 2013 | Japan | NR | NR | 37 | NR | 37 out of 196 screw of 46 patients | 53.2 (5–84) of 46 patients | NR | Retrospective | Neo et al. classification | NR | NR | Overall 87.8 | NR | 6 |
Wu et al. [44] | 2013 | China | 20 | NR | NR | NR | 10 | 45 (38–82) | 6:4 | Retrospective | Perforations of the pedicle wall (< 2 mm) | 85 (17/20) | NR | NR | NR | 7 |
Ling et al. [45] | 2013 | Singapore | 20 | NR | NR | NR | 20 out of 103 screw of 21 patients | 43 (6–83) | 12:9 | Retrospective | Neo et al. classification | 90 (18/20) | NR | NR | NR | 7 |
Yang et al. [46] | 2013 | China | 24 | NR | 24 | NR | 24 | 45.9 (4.9) | 11:13 | Retrospective | Modified Neo et al. classification | 95.8 (23/24) | NR | 100 (24/24) | NR | 9 |
Bydon et al. [47] | 2014 | USA | 341 | NR | NR | NR | 181 | 57.9 (15.1) | 101:80 | Retrospective | Sciubba et al. classification | 77.4 (264/341) | NR | NR | NR | 8 |
Hojo et al. [48] | Japan | 148 | NR | NR | NR | 148 of 1065 screw of 283 patients | 57.4 (14–87) out of 283 patients | 183:100 | Retrospective | Neo et al. classification | 77.1 (114/148) | NR | NR | NR | 8 | |
Uehara et al. [49] | 2014 | Japan | NR | NR | 33 | NR | 33 of 579 screw of 129 patients | 63.4 (14.4) out of 129 patients | 82:47 | Retrospective | Uehara et al. classification | NR | NR | 87.9 (29/33) | NR | 8 |
Singh et al. [50] | 2014 | India | NR | NR | 20 | NR | 10 | 17–81 | 9:1 | Retrospective | Modified Gertzbein and Robbins classification | NR | NR | 95 (19/20) | NR | 7 |
Yu et al. [51] | 2014 | China | NR | NR | 26 | NR | 26 of 108 screw of 23 patients | 33.5 (19–52) of 23 patients | 11:12 | Retrospective | 3D CT at the end of the procedure | NR | NR | 96.1 (25/26) | NR | 7 |
China | NR | NR | 64 | 6 | 70 out of 196 screw out of 99 patients | 35 out of 99 patients | 53:46 | Retrospective | Modified Gertzbein and Robbins classification | NR | NR | 89.1 (57/64) | 100 (6/6) | 9 | ||
Kim et al. [53] | South Korea | NR | NR | 32 | NR | 32 of 58 screw of 18 patients | 45.8 (24–72) | 13:5 | Retrospective | Modified Neo et al. classification | NR | NR | 84.3 (27/32) | NR | 7 | |
2014 | Japan | 26 | 12 | NR | NR | 38 of 48 screw of 23 patients | 69.4 (54–86) | 10:13 | Prospective | Neo et al. classification | 100 (26/26) | 100 (12/12) | NR | NR | 8 | |
Yang et al. [55] | 2014 | China | 40 | NR | NR | NR | 20 | 40.2 (8–63) | 11:9 | Retrospective | Post-op CT, without classification | 97.5 (39/40) | NR | NR | NR | 6 |
Bredow et al. [56] | 2015 | Germany | NR | NR | 65 | NR | 28 | 63.8 (16.8) | 16:12 | NR | Modified Gertzbein and Robbins classification | NR | NR | 95.4 | NR | 8 |
Qi et al. [57] | 2015 | China | 42 | NR | NR | NR | 21 | 46.5 (24–69) | 13:8 | Retrospective | Post-op CT, without classification | 100 (42/42) | NR | NR | NR | 6 |
Shih et al. [58] | 2015 | Taiwan | 26 | NR | NR | NR | 13 of 35 patients | 55.3 (21–7) | 18:17 | Retrospective | Post-op CT, without classification | 96.1 (25/26) | NR | NR | NR | 5 |
Lang et al. [59] | 2016 | China | NR | NR | 40 | NR | 20 | 35.1 (18–55) | 15:5 | Retrospective | Gertzbein and Robbins classification | NR | NR | 89.3% (50/56) | NR | 8 |
Zheng et al. [60] | 2016 | China | 172 | NR | NR | NR | 86 | 42.6 (16–69) | 48:38 | Retrospective | Post-op CT, without classification | 100 (172/172) | NR | NR | NR | 6 |
Zhao et al. [61] | 2017 | China | NR | NR | 24 | NR | 12 | 37.4 (18–47) | 12:0 | Retrospective review of a prospectively collected data | 3D CT at the end of the procedure | NR | NR | 95.8 (23/24) | NR | 7 |
Uehara et al. [62] | 2017 | Japan | NR | NR | 40 | NR | 40 of 3413 screw of 359 patients | 43 (26.9) of 359 patients | 147:212 of 359 patients | Retrospective | Rao et al. classification | NR | NR | 95 (38/40) | NR | 8 |
Singh et al. [63] | India | NR | NR | 30 | NR | 15 | 34.4 (17–81) | 13:2 | Retrospective | Gertzbein and Robbins classification | NR | NR | 93.3 (28/30) | NR | 7 | |
Shimokawa et al. [64] | Japan | NR | NR | 114 | NR | 114 of 762 screw of 128 patients | 65.5 (15–92) | 84:44 of 128 patients | Retrospective | Neo et al. classification | NR | NR | 99.1 (113/114) | NR | 8 | |
Sugawara et al. [65] | 2017 | Japan | 20 | NR | NR | NR | 20 of 48 screw of 12 patients | 42–77 | 6:6 | Prospective | 3D/multiplanar imaging software | 100 (20/20) | NR | NR | NR | 7 |
Liu et al. [66] | 2017 | China | 62 | NR | NR | NR | 31 | 51 (45–62) | 18:13 | Prospective | Post-op CT, without classification | 100 (62/62) | NR | NR | NR | 6 |
Jacobs et al. [67] | 2017 | Germany | NR | NR | 60 | NR | 30 | 52 (3–91) | 22:8 | Retrospective | Gertzbein and Robbins classification | NR | NR | 100 (60/60) | NR | 8 |
Cao et al. [68] | 2017 | China | 174 | NR | NR | NR | 87 | 39.2 (25–55) | NR | Retrospective | Modified Gertzbein and Robbins classification | 95.9 (167/174) | NR | NR | NR | 8 |
Guo et al. [70 ] | 2017 | China | 25 | NR | NR | NR | 13 | 45.1 (25–57) | 6:7 | Prospective | Accuracy of the screw fixation was evaluated with the Mimics15.0 software | Overall 94.6 | NR | NR | NR | 6 |
Jiang et al. [71 ] | 2017 | China | 108 | NR | NR | NR | 54 | 45.3 (12–54) | 34:20 | Prospective | Modified Gertzbein and Robbins | Overall 92.6 | NR | NR | NR | 7 |
Wu et al. [69] | 2017 | China | 40 | NR | NR | NR | 20 | NR | NR | Prospective | Accuracy of the screw fixation was evaluated with the Mimics software | 100 | NR | NR | NR | 8 |
Pu et al. [70] | 2018 | China | 34 | NR | NR | NR | 17 | 43.3 (25–56) | 11:6 | Retrospective | Kawaguchi et al. classification | Overall 97.06 | NR | NR | NR | 6 |
Pu et al. [71] | 2018 | China | 98 | NR | NR | NR | 49 | 22–56 | 25:24 | Retrospective | Kawaguchi et al. classification | Overall 86.5 | NR | NR | NR | 7 |
Sugawara et al. [72] | 2018 | Japan | 138 | NR | NR | NR | 138 out of 813 screw of 103 patients | 15–85 | 57:46 | Prospective | 3D/multiplanar imaging software | 100 (138/138) | NR | NR | NR | 8 |
Punyarat et al. [5] | 2018 | Thailand | 52 | 87 | NR | NR | 76 | 59.9 (20–86) | 42:34 | Retrospective | Sciubba et al. classification | 76.9 (40/52) | 88.5 (77/87) | NR | NR | 9 |
Pham et al. [73] | 2018 | USA | 40 | NR | NR | NR | 24 | 56.1 (23–91) | 18:6 | Retrospective | Sciubba et al. classification | 82.5 (33/40) | NR | NR | NR | 8 |
Ould-Slimane et al. [74] | 2018 | France | NR | NR | 22 | NR | 11 | 55 (22–69) | 6:5 | Prospective | No cortical breach was detected using cone-beam CT at the end of the procedure | NR | NR | 100 | NR | 5 |
Chachan et al. [75] | 2018 | Singapore | NR | NR | 32 | NR | 32 of 241 screw of 44 patients | 62.1 (34–81) | 27:17 | Retrospective | Gertzbein and Robbins classification | NR | NR | 100 | NR | 7 |
Marco et al. [76] | 2018 | USA | 29 | NR | NR | NR | 22 of 30 patients | 54 (6–87) | 15:15 | Retrospective | One cortical breach, which measured less than 2 mm, was detected. | 96.5 (28/29) | NR | NR | NR | 5 |
Sai Kiran et al. [77] | 2018 | India | 24 | 49 | NR | NR | 94 | 30 (16.3) | 61:33 | Retrospective | Upendra et al. classification | 100 (24/24) | 100 (49/49) | NR | NR | 9 |
Işik et al .[78] | 2018 | Turkey | 24 | 8 | NR | NR | 16 of 28 of patients | 44.7 (21–73 ) | 11:17 | Retrospective | Post-op CT, without classification | 100 (24/24) | 100 (8/8) | NR | NR | 6 |
Park et al. [79] | 2019 | South Korea | NR | 76 | NR | NR | 58 | 62.4 (14.5) | 20:38 | Retrospective | Modified Upendra | NR | 97.4 | NR | NR | 8 |
Zhang et al. [80] | 2019 | China | 68 | NR | NR | NR | 36 | 6.9 (3.2) | 21:15 | Retrospective | Smith classification | 98.5 (67/68) | NR | NR | NR | 8 |
2019 | China | NR | NR | 54 | NR | 27 | 38.5 (22–62) | 17:10 | Prospective | 3D model simulation software | NR | NR | 100 (54/54) | NR | 8 | |
Tian et al. [81] | 2019 | China | 52 | 12 | 50 | 14 | 64 | 46.4 (10.7) | 40:24 | Retrospective | Hlubek et al. classification | 96.15 (50/52) | 91.67 (11/12) | 84 (42/50) | 85.7 (12/14) | 8 |
Hur et al. [82] | 2019 | South Korea | NR | NR | 92 | NR | 48 | 58.8 (35–80) | 30:18 | Retrospective | Gertzbein and Robbins | NR | NR | 91.3 (82/92) | NR | 8 |
Carl et al. [83] | 2019 | Germany | NR | NR | 26 | NR | 16 | 72.7 (24–84) | 7:9 | Retrospective | Laine et al. classification | NR | NR | 96.2 (25/26) | NR | 7 |
Lee et al. [84] | 2020 | South Korea | 26 | 1 | 32 | 1 | 34 (15 F:19 N) | 54.8 (16.7) | 18:16 | Retrospective | Gertzbein and Robbins | 88.5 | NR | 93.8 | NR | 9 |