Fig. 4From: Astaxanthin alleviates spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury via activation of PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway in ratsAST partially inhibited proinflammatory cytokines at 72 h after SCII. The levels of IL-1β (a), TNF-α (b), and IL-18 (c) were substantially increased, and IL-10 (d) was decreased in the SCII group compared with the sham group. Although pretreatment with AST could moderately reverse the above changes in cytokines, only the level of TNF-α was significantly decreased. Values are mean ± SD (n = 6/group). *P < 0.05 versus sham group, #P < 0.05 versus SCII groupBack to article page