Study | QUADAS Score* |
---|
1 | 2 | 3 | Bias | Appl. | 4 | 5 | Bias | Appl. | 6 | 7 | Bias | Appl. | 8 | 9 | 10 | Bias |
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Shahi et al. [20] | NC | 0 | 1 | High | Low | 1 | 0 | High | Low | 1 | 1 | Low | Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | Low |
Fu et al. [22] | NC | 0 | 0 | High | Low | 1 | 1 | Low | Low | 1 | 1 | Low | Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | Low |
Li et al. [19] | NC | 1 | 1 | Low | Low | 0 | 0 | High | Low | 1 | 1 | Low | Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | Low |
Xu et al. [18] | NC | 0 | 1 | High | Low | 0 | 0 | High | Low | 1 | 1 | Low | Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | Low |
Huang et al. [21] | NC | 0 | 0 | High | Low | 0 | 1 | High | Low | 1 | 1 | Low | Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | Low |
Qin et al. [16] | NC | 1 | 0 | High | Low | 1 | 0 | High | Low | 1 | 1 | Low | Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | Low |
Xiong et al. [17] | NC | 1 | 0 | High | Low | 1 | 0 | High | Low | 1 | 1 | Low | Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | Low |
Pannu et al. [23] | 1 | 1 | 1 | Low | Low | 0 | 1 | High | Low | 1 | 1 | Low | Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | Low |
- The numbers in the top row correspond to the following questions: Domain 1: Patient selection. Numbers correspond with the following questions: (1) Was a consecutive or random sample of patients enrolled? (2) Was a case-control design avoided? (3) Did the study avoid inappropriate exclusions? Domain 2: Index test. Numbers correspond with the following questions: (4) Were the index test results interpreted without knowledge of the results of the reference standard? (5) If a threshold was used, was it pre-specified? Domain 3: Reference test. Numbers correspond with the following questions: (6) Is the reference standard likely to correctly classify the target condition? (7) Were the reference standard results interpreted without knowledge of the results of the index test? Domain 4: Flow and timing. Numbers correspond with the following questions: (8) Was there an appropriate interval between index test(s) and reference standard? (9) Did all patients receive a reference standard? (10) Did patients receive the same reference standard? (11) Were all patients included in the analysis?
- *Number 1 indicates “yes,” and 0 indicates “no”; Bias risk: of bias; Appl.: concerns regarding applicability; NC: not clear