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Table 2 Cranio-caudal inclination angle (CCIA), categorized into low-, medium-, and high-precision

From: Augmented reality-based navigation increases precision of pedicle screw insertion

Skill Level

Group

Precision category

p value

High, − 2.5 to + 10°

Medium, − 5 to − 2.5°/+ 10 to + 20°

Low < − 5°/> + 20°

Expert

FH

12

8

20

0.917

AR

13

9

18

Novice

FH

9

4

27

0.040

AR

20

2

18