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Table 1 Criteria for evidence of persistent postoperative pain after index lumbar surgery

From: Persistent postoperative pain and healthcare costs associated with instrumented and non-instrumented spinal surgery: a case-control study

Any one or more of the following

HES inpatient

Any lumbar surgery: OPCS code 6–24 months post index surgery

HES inpatient/HES outpatient/CPRD Gold

Any surgical intervention for lumbar pain (e.g., neuromodulation, implantation of drug infusion delivery system): OPCS code or READ code at any time post index surgery

HES outpatient/CPRD Gold

At least one pain-related GP visit or specialist pain clinic visit in each of two consecutive quarters occurring 6–24 months post index surgery

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Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research

ISSN: 1749-799X