Table 2 Summary of intervention measures, antibiotic prophylaxis and outcomes of interests for each study
Author | Screening method (who receive the inteventions) | inteventional measures (number of days) | Antibiotic prophylaxis | Definition of PJI | Definition of “Any Wound complications” | Intervention group | Control group | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Events (PJI/superficial) | Total | Events (PJI/superficial) | Total | ||||||
Stambough et al. 2017 | No screen (all patients) | Mupirocin intranasally 2 daily and chlorhexidine showers 5 days | CAP. High-risk groups and MRSA carriers were given vancomycin in addition to weight-based cefazolin. | MSIS | NHSN guidelines | 5 | 2205 | 15 | 1981 |
Hofmann et. al. 2017 | No screen (all patients) | Nasal application of mupirocin 2 daily for 5 days | CAP. the intervention group received 1 g of vancomycin as a single preoperative dose. | CDC | NHSN and CDC | 4(1/3) | 538 | 10(7/3) | 496 |
Hadley et al. 2010 | Nasal swab cultured (all patients) | Mupirocin intranasally and chlorhexidine showers 5 days | CAP. MRSA carriers were given Vancomycin 1 g at least 30 min before incision and every 12 h lasting for 24 h. | NM | CDC. Only deep incisional SSIs were considered clinically relevant and considered in the analysis. | 21 (21/0) | 1644 | 6 (6/0) | 414 |
Sankar et al. 2005 | Axilla, nose, groin, and any open wounds swab (positive screening results) | Mupirocin or povidone iodine or triclosan was instituted. | cephAzolin or cefuroxime was given one hour before skin incision and continued for 2 more doses 8 and 16 h post-operatively. | NM | NM | 0 | 231 | 1 | 164 |
Jeans et al. 2018 | Nasal and groin swabs culture (positive screening results) | Bactroban intranasally 4 times/day and bathe with Octenisan for 5 days. | NM | Public Health England’s published standard | Public Health England’s published standard on superficial and deep infection. | 131 | 9318 | 69 | 3593 |
Rao et al. 2011 | Nasal swab cultures (positive screening results) | Mupirocin intranasally 2 times daily and bathe with chlorhexidine daily for 5 days | CAP. Patients with a history of MRSA infection or for MRSA carriers received vancomycin 1 g 60 min before surgery followed by 1 g every 12 hours for 24 h. | NM | NM | 17 (8/9) | 1285 | 20 (9/11) | 741 |
Hacek et al. 2008 | Nasal swab real-time PCR (positive screening results) | Mupirocin 2 daily for 5 days | Hip surgery patients received cefazolin prior to surgery while knee surgery patients received vancomycin. | CDC | CDC | 11(2/8) | 912 | 14(0/14) | 583 |
Pelfort et al. 2019 | Nasal swab culture (positive screening results) | Mupirocin intranasally 3 times daily and chlorhexidine showers 5 days | CAP. MRSA carriers received 1 g of vancomycin. | MSIS | CDC. The superficial infections were confirmed by a positive culture of the drainage of the surgical incision together with the local symptoms and a negative intraarticular culture. | 5 (3/2) | 403 | 17 (10/7) | 400 |
Sporer et al. 2016 | Nasal swab culture (positive screening results) | Mupirocin intranasally 2 daily along with chlorhexidine showers 5 days | CAP patients who tested positive for MRSA were treated with vancomycin within 2 h preoperatively. | NM | Criteria for SSI included purulent drainage from the wound, serosanguinous drainage from an erythematous incision with a positive wound culture or a note in the medical record. | 33 | 9690 | 16 | 1443 |