Table 1 Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire

1.

I can enjoy things, despite the pain.

2.

I can do most of the household chores (e.g., tidying-up, washing dishes, etc.), despite the pain.

3.

I can socialize with my friends or family members as often as I used to do, despite the pain.

4.

I can cope with my pain in most situations.

5.

I can do some form of work, despite the pain (“work” includes housework, paid and unpaid work).

6.

I can still do many of the things I enjoy doing, such as hobbies or leisure activity, despite pain.

7.

I can cope with my pain without medication.

8.

I can still accomplish most of my goals in life, despite the pain.

9.

I can live a normal lifestyle, despite the pain.

10.

I can gradually become more active, despite the pain.