Table 1 Material properties and element type used in the finite element models
Component | Element type | Young’s modulus (MPa) | Poisson’s ratio | Cross-sectional area (mm2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Cortical bone | Tetrahedral | 12,000 | 0.3 | – |
Cancellous bone | Tetrahedral | 100 | 0.2 | – |
Pedicle | Tetrahedral | 3500 | 0.25 | – |
Facet joints | Hexahedral | 15 | 0.45 | – |
Endplate | Hexahedral | 24 | 0.25 | – |
NP | Hexahedral | 1 | 0.49 | – |
AF | Hexahedral | 4.2 | 0.45 | – |
ALL | Truss | 7.8 | / | 63.7 |
PLL | Truss | 1 | / | 20 |
LF | Truss | 1.5 | / | 40 |
CL | Truss | 7.5 | / | 30 |
ITL | Truss | 10 | / | 1.8 |
ISL | Truss | 1 | / | 40 |
SSL | Truss | 3 | / | 30 |
TMC | Tetrahedral | 110,000 | 0.3 | Â |
AVB | Tetrahedral | 110,000 | 0.3 | Â |
HAVB | Tetrahedral | 4000 | 0.3 | Â |