Fig. 6

Cytokine levels in the serum from different groups after fracture. a The serum levels of TNF-α were significantly higher at day 1 in groups 2–4 than in group 1, and all decreased at day 7. b IL-1β levels were significantly higher in groups 2, 3, and 4 than in group 1 at day 1, day 3, and day 7, and all decreased after day 14. c TGF-β levels were similar between groups in the first week but were significantly higher in groups 2–4 than in group 1 at day 14 and day 28. d IL-10 levels were significantly higher in groups 2–4 than in group 1 throughout the entire process. *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.01