Fig. 2

The process of three different types of fractures. a, b Lateral and anterior-posterior views of a closed fracture (type I) with a bruise on the skin of the fracture site (red arrow). c The cast used for immobilization after fracture. d–f Moderate skin lacerations and localized muscle injury in a type II fracture. g, h The severe wound and comminuted fracture with exfoliation of the periosteum and bone loss (black arrows). i The reduction and fixation of a type III fracture with a reversely implanted 0.8-mm intramedullary Kirshner wire