Fig. 1

Transversus bone graft group: a-c A transverse process was harvested from a normal adjacent vertebra. Both ends of the transverse process were trimmed and ground to create a columnar cage with annular cortical bone on the sides and cancellous bone at both ends. d According to the size of the intervertebral space defect, one to two cages created from transverse processes were implanted. A pedicle screw system was used to immobilize bone grafts and vertebral segments