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Table 1 Studies

From: Open versus minimally invasive TLIF: literature review and meta-analysis

Author

Zhang et al. [14]

Yang et al. [15]

Tschugg et al. [16]

Kulkarni et al. [17]

Hey et al. [18]

Adogwa et al. [19]

Year of publication

2017

2017

2017

2016

2015

2015

Study design

Retrospective

RCT

Retrospective

Prospective

Prospective

Prospective

Level of evidence

–

II

–

–

–

–

Number of patients

107 (M = 48, O = 59)

41 (MI = 21, O = 20)

67 (MI = 19, O = 48)

61 (MI = 36, O = 25)

50 (MI = 25, O = 25)

148 (MI = 40, O = 108)

Follow-up (months)

–

Minimum 24 months

3 months

36.5 months (mean follow-up)

Minimum 24 months

24 months

Mean patient age (years)

MI: 55.7, O: 59.7

MI: 63.5, O: 58.0

MI: 63.9, O: 64.4

MI: 51.55, O: 50.4

MI: 43.6, O: 44.4

MI: 56.62, O: 56.12

Gender (m/f)

MI: 24/24, O: 32/27

MI: 7/14, O: 8/12

MI: 8/11, O: 16/32

MI: 10/26, O: 11/14

MI: 13/12, O: 13/12

MI: 20/20, O: 47/61

Diagnosis

-DDD (MI/O: 40/47)

-Spinal instability (MI/O: 8/12)

-Spinal stenosis (MI/O: 11/9)

-Olisthesis (MI/O: 5/6)

-Disc herniation with segmental instability (MI/O: 5/5)

-Lumbar spondylodiscitis

-Olisthesis (MI/O: 30/12)

-Disc herniation (MI/O: 5/11)

-Lumbar canal stenosis (MI/O: 1/2)

-DDD: (MI/O: 2/2)

-Prolapsed intervertebral discs (MI/O: 12/12)

-Spinal stenosis (MI/O: 3/3)

-Spondylolisthesis (MI/O: 7/7)

-DDD: (MI/O: 27/81)

-Olisthesis (MI/O: 29/78)

Outcomes

Operative time (min), LOS (days), HBL, TBL, PBL

VAS (back, leg), ODI, operative time (min), interbody fusion (grade I—Bridwell criteria), HBL, TBL

Intraoperative blood transfusion, operative time, LOS, postoperative complications

VAS (back, leg), ODI, LOS, operative time, radiation exposure, QCRP, blood loss

Operation time, EBL, drop in hemoglobin on the first postoperative day, LOS, duration to ambulation, ODI, cage height and fusion rates, complications

VAS (back, leg), ODI, complications

Author

Yee et al. [20]

Terman et al. [21]

Wong et al. [22]

Sulaiman et al. [13]

Singh et al. [23]

Gu et al. [24]

Year of publication

2014

2014

2014

2014

2014

2014

Study design

Retrospective

Retrospective

Prospective

Retrospective

Prospective

Prospective

Level of evidence

–

–

–

–

–

–

Number of patients

68 (MI = 52, O = 16)

74 (MI = 53, O = 21)

198 (MI = 144, O = 54)

68 (MI = 57, O = 11)

66 (MI = 33, O = 33)

82 (MI = 44, O = 38)

Follow-up (months)

Minimum 6 months

30 months (mean follow-up)

45 months (mean follow-up)

–

–

20 months (mean follow-up)

Mean age (years)I

MI: 47.9, O: 56.1

MI: 52.4, O: 58.2

MI: 61, O: 58

MI: 61.1, O: 56.4

MI: 51.67, O: 49.85

MI: 66.4, O: 64.1

Gender (m/f)

MI: 24/28, O: 5/11

MI: 24/29, 0: 13/8

MI: 61/83, O: 25/29

MI: 17/40, O: 4/7

MI: 23/10, O: 21/12

MI: 19/25, O: 15/23

Diagnosis

-DDD (MI/O: 17/2)

-Herniated disc (7/0)

-Olisthesis (MI/O: 24/12)

-Stenosis (MI/O: 4/2)

-DDD or spondylosis (MI/O: 10/5)

-Herniated disc (MI/O: 3/0)

-Olisthesis (MI/O: 32/14)

-Stenosis (MI/O: 8/2)

-Olisthesis +/− tilt with stenosis

-Post-laminectomy instability with stenosis

-DDD

Grade 1–2 degenerative olisthesis

-DDD (MI/O: 19/19)

-Olisthesis (MI/O: 6/9)

-Spinal stenosis (MI/O: 8/5)

-DDD (MI/O: 15/11)

-Two-level lumbar stenosis (MI/O: 18/14)

-Lumbar stenosis with segmental instability (MI/O: 11/13)

Outcomes

Development of symptomatic ASD (defined by: 1. new back and/or leg pain, 2. imaging findings adjacent to original surgical level, 3. decision to treat)

VAS, ODI, EBL, LOS; in obese patients

Blood loss, operative time, VAS, ODI, LOS, inpatient institutional costs, radiation exposure, fusion rates, segmental lordosis correction, complications and revisions

Operation time, EBL, perioperative complications, LOS, VAS, ODI, hospital costs

Operation time, LOS, EBL, anesthesia time (minutes), VAS, hospital costs/ payment amount

Operation time, intraoperative blood loss, transfusion volume, LOS, radiation exposure time, VAS, ODI, fusion rates, complications

Author

Brodano et al. [25]

Seng et al. [26]

Cheng et al. [27]

Lau et al. [28]

Rodriguez-Vela et al. [29]

Parker et al. [30]

Year of publication

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

Study design

Retrospective

Retrospective

Retrospective

Retrospective

Prospective

Prospective

Level of evidence

–

III

–

–

–

–

Number of patients

64 (MI = 30, O = 34)

80 (MI = 40, O = 40)

75 (MI = 50, O = 25)

127 (MI = 78, O = 49)

41 (MI = 21, O = 20)

100 (MI = 50, O = 50)

Follow-up (months)

23 months (mean follow-up)

60 months

60 months (average follow-up)

–

Minimum 36 months

24 months

Mean age (years)

MI: 46, O: 51

MI: 56.6, O: 56.8

MI: 53.7, O:54.3

-Class I obesity (BMI 30.0–34.9 kg/m2): MI: 52.5, O:54.1

-Class II obesity (BMI 35.0–39.9 kg/m2): MI: 50.5, O: 57.4

-Class III obesity (BMI > 40): MI: 53.5, O: 59.4

MI: 41.81, O: 43.15

MI: 53.5, O: 52.6

Gender (m/f)

MI: 18/12, O: 20/14

MI: 7/33, O: 7/33

MI: 27/23, O: 14/11

MI: 38/40, O: 23/26

MI: 14/7, O: 13/7

MI: 16/34, O: 18/32

Diagnosis

-DDD

-Grade I degenerative olisthesis

-Olisthesis (MI/O: 31/33)

-DDD with spinal stenosis (MI/O: 9/7)

-Spondylosis (MI/O: 28/12)

-Olisthesis (MI/O: 27/14)

-> Grades I and II (MI/O: 27/12)

-> Grades III and IV (MI/O: 0/2)

-Foraminal stenosis (MI/O: 25/10)

-Olisthesis (MI/O: 50/25)

-DDD alone (MI/O: 12/12)

-DDD with stenosis (MI/O: 9/11)

-DDD with deformity (MI/O: 1/0)

-DDD with disc herniation (MI/O: 6/1)

-DDD

-Grade I degenerative olisthesis

Outcomes

VAS, ODI, TBL, LOS, operation time, complications

VAS, ODI, radiation exposure time, operative time, LOS, complication rate, fusion rates (Bridwell criteria)

Postoperative pain medication, functional ability, VAS, EBL, operative time, LOS, fusion rates, complications, inpatient hospitalization costs

EBL, complications (total, intraoperative and 30-day postoperative), LOS

VAS, NASS, ODI, SF-36 Health Survey, postoperative complications

VAS, ODI, SF-36 Health Survey, operative time, EBL, complications, LOS, narcotic independence, return to work, hospital costs (direct and indirect)

Author

Adogwa et al. [31]

Wang et al. [32]

Pelton et al. [33]

Lee et al. [6]

Parker et al. [34]

Lau et al. [35]

Year of publication

2012

2012

2012

2012

2012

2010

Study design

Prospective

Prospective

Prospective

Prospective

Prospective

Retrospective

Level of evidence

–

–

–

–

–

–

Number of patients

21 (MI = 14, O = 7)

81 (MI = 42, O = 39)

66 (MI = 33, O = 33)

144 (MI = 72, O = 72)

30 (MI = 15, O = 15)

22 (MI = 10, O = 12)

Follow-up (months)

24 months

36 months (mean follow-up)

–

24 months

24 months

Minimum 12 months

Mean age (years)

MI: 48.14, O: 47.28

MI: 56.4, O: 54.2

MI:51.67, O: 49.85

MI: 52.2, O: 56.6

MI: 50.8, O: 49.7

MI: 46.9, O: 56.9

Gender (m/f)

MI: 4/10, O: 3/4

MI: 13/29, O: 12/27

MI: 23/10, O: 21/12

MI: 20/52, O: 22/50

MI: 7/8, O: 5/10

MI: 4/6, O: 5/7

Diagnosis

-DDD

-Grade I olisthesis

-Stenosis (MI/O: 23/20)

-Olisthesis (MI/O: 14/15)

-Postoperative instability (MI/O: 5/4)

-DDD (MI/O: 13/14)

-Olisthesis (MI/O: 20/19)

-Olisthesis (grades I and II)

-Recurrent prolapsed disc

-Spinal stenosis

-DDD

-Grade I degenerative olisthesis

-Spondylosis (MI/O: 5/6)

-Olisthesis (MI/O: 4/6)

-Spondylolysis (MI/O: 1/0)

Outcomes

VAS, ODI, SF-36 Health Survey, operative time, EBL, LOS, duration of narcotic use, time to return to work, CPK (preoperative; days 1and 7, and 1.5, 3, and 6 months postoperative)

Operative time, blood loss, X-ray exposure time, complications, fusion rates, VAS, ODI—in overweight and obese patients

Operative time, EBL, LOS, anesthesia time, VAS, direct and indirect costs—in WC and non-WC patients

VAS, ODI, SF-36 Health Survey, NASS, time to return to full function, operative time, EBL, radiation exposure time, complications, fusion rates (Bridwell grading system)

VAS, ODI, quality of life (EuroQuol-5D), duration of narcotic use, time to return to work, direct and indirect costs, operative time, EBL, complications, LOS, fusion rates

Operative time, blood loss, LOS, pain scores, blood transfusion, time to ambulation, complications

Author

Adogwa et al. [36]

Wang et al. [37]

Villavicencio et al. [14]

Shunwu et al. [38]

Wang et al. [37]

Peng et al. [39]

Year of publication

2010

2010

2010

2009

2010

2009

Study design

Retrospective

Prospective

Retrospective

Prospective

Prospective

Prospective

Level of evidence

–

–

–

–

–

–

Number of patients

30 (MI = 15, O = 15)

52 (MI = 25, O = 27)

139 (MI = 76, O = 63)

62 (MI = 32, O = 30)

85 (MI = 42, O = 43)

58 (MI = 29, O = 29)

Follow-up (months)

24 months

27.5 (mean follow-up)

37.5 (average follow-up)

24 months (minimum follow-up)

26.3 (mean follow-up)

24 months (minimum follow-up)

Mean age (years)

MI: 50.8, O: 49.7

MI: 54.8, O: 56.2

MI: 50.5, O: 58.9

MI: 51.4, O: 52.0

MI: 47.9, O: 53.2

MI: 54.1, O: 52.5

Gender (m/f)

MI: 7/8, O: 5/10

MI: 13/12, O: 15/12

MI: 45/31, O: 38/25

MI: 18/14, O: 14/16

MI: 13/29, O: 16/27

MI: 5/24, O: 5/24

Diagnosis

Grade I Olisthesis

-Recurrent disc herniation (MI/O: 7/8)

-Lumbar canal stenosis(MI/O: 10/9)

-Segmental instability (MI/O: 5/7)

-Olisthesis < Grade II (MI/O: 3/3)

-DDD with/without disc herniation

-Olisthesis

-Stenosis at one or two spinal levels

-Discogenic low back pain (MI/O: 6/4)

-Unilateral lumbar disc herniation (MI/O: 13/4)

-Foraminal stenosis (MI/O: 3/8)

-Separation of posterior ring apophysis (MI/O: 3/4)

-Low-grade olisthesis (MI/O: 5/8)

-Single-segment instability (MI/O: 2/2)

-Degenerative Olisthesis (MI/O: 24/22)

-Isthmic Olisthesis (MI/O: 18/21)

-Grade I/II Olisthesis

-DDD presenting with low back pain and radicular symptoms

Outcomes

VAS, ODI, EuroQol-5D, occupational disability, narcotic use, time to return to work, operative time, EBL

VAS, ODI, operative time, blood loss, radiation exposure time, complications, fusion rates

Operative time, EBL, LOS, VAS, patient satisfaction, MacNab’s criteria fusion rates, complications (major, minor)

Operative time, blood loss, total transfusion volume, LOS, time to ambulation, complications, serum CK, VAS, ODI, fusion rates

Operative time, transfusion volume, X-ray exposure times, LOS, complications, VAS, ODI, fusion rates

NASS, ODI, VAS, SF-36, operative time, blood loss, radiation exposure time, time to ambulation, narcotic use, fusion rates (Bridwell criteria)

Author

Dhall et al. [40]

Schizas et al. [41]

    

Year of publication

2008

2008

    

Study design

Retrospective

Prospective

    

Level of evidence

–

–

    

Number of patients

42 (MI = 21, O = 21)

36 (MI = 18, O = 18)

    

Follow-up (months)

24 months (MI), 34 months (O) (mean follow-up)

22 months (MI), 24 months (O) (average follow-up)

    

Mean age (years)

MI: 53, O: 53

MI: 45.5, O: 48.1

    

Gender (m/f)

–

–

    

Diagnosis

-DDD (MI/O: 14/10)

-Degenerative olisthesis (MI/O: 7/11)

-Isthmic Olisthesis (MI/O: 15/6)

-Asymmetrical disc disease with foraminal stenosis (MI/O: 2/12)

-Iatrogenic spondylosis (MI/O: 1/0)

    

Outcomes

Operative time, EBL, LOS, complications, fusion rates, mPS

Operative time, intraoperative and total blood loss, radiation exposure time, VAS and ODI scores, analgesia intake, fusion rates, complications, learning curve

    
  1. TLIF transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion, MITLIF minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion, OTLIF open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion, BMI body mass index, VAS visual analogue scale, ODI Oswestry disability index, TBL total blood loss, HBL hidden blood loss, PBL postoperative blood loss, LOS length of hospital stay, QCRP quantitative C-reactive protein, ASD adjacent segment disease, EBL estimated blood loss, NASS North American Spine Society, CPK creatine phosphokinase, WC workers’ compensation, CK creatine kinase, mPS modified Prolo scale