Fig. 3From: In vivo dynamic motion characteristics of the lower lumbar spine: L4–5 lumbar degenerative disc diseases undergoing unilateral or bilateral pedicle screw fixation combined with TLIFPrimary ranges of motion (ROM) during bend (left–right bending), twist (left–right twisting), and flexion–extension (from maximum flexion to maximum extension) a at the surgical segment (L4–5), b at the cranial adjacent segment (L3–4), c at the caudal adjacent segment (L5–S1). Number sign represents significance (p < 0.05) for unilateral pedicle screw fixation (UPSF) at primary ROM when compared with the data of bilateral pedicle screw fixation (BPSF)Back to article page