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Table 1 Material properties used in the finite element models

From: Biomechanical study of proximal adjacent segment degeneration after posterior lumbar interbody fusion and fixation: a finite element analysis

Materials

Young’s modulus (MPa)

Poisson’s ratio

Cross-sectional area (mm2)

Element type

Vertebra

 Cortical bone

120,000

0.3

S3

 Cancellous bone

100

0.2

C3D4

 Posterior bone

3500

0.25

C3D4

 Endplate

23.8

0.4

S3

Intervertebral disc

 Annulus ground substance (Mooney-Rivlin law)

C10 = 0.18 C01 = 0.045

C3D8

 Nucleus pulpous (Mooney-Rivlin law)

C10 = 0.12 C01 = 0.03 (healthy)

C10 = 0.14 C01 = 0.035 (mild)

C10 = 0.17 C01 = 0.041 (moderate)

C3D8

 Annulus fiber layers

360–550

0.3

0.7

T3D2

Ligaments

 Anterior longitudinal

7.8 (< 12.0%), 20 (> 12.0%)

0.3

63.7

T3D2

 Posterior longitudinal

10.0 (< 11.0%), 20 (> 11.0%)

0.3

20

T3D2

 Ligamentum flavum

15.0 (< 6.2%), 19.5 (> 6.2%)

0.3

40

T3D2

 Supraspinous

8.0 (< 20.0%), 15 (> 20.0%)

0.3

30

T3D2

 Interspinous

10.0 (< 14.0%), 11.6 (> 14.0%)

0.3

40

T3D2

 Intertransverse

10.0 (< 18.0%), 58.7 (> 18.0%)

0.3

1.8

T3D2

 Capsular

7.5 (< 25.0%), 32.9 (> 25.0%)

0.3

30

T3D2

  1. S3 3-node triangular element, C3D4 4-node tetrahedral element, C3D8 8-node hexahedral element, T3D2 2-node truss element