Materials | Young’s modulus (MPa) | Poisson’s ratio | Cross-sectional area (mm2) | Element type |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vertebra | ||||
Cortical bone | 120,000 | 0.3 | – | S3 |
Cancellous bone | 100 | 0.2 | – | C3D4 |
Posterior bone | 3500 | 0.25 | – | C3D4 |
Endplate | 23.8 | 0.4 | – | S3 |
Intervertebral disc | ||||
Annulus ground substance (Mooney-Rivlin law) | C10 = 0.18 C01 = 0.045 | – | – | C3D8 |
Nucleus pulpous (Mooney-Rivlin law) | C10 = 0.12 C01 = 0.03 (healthy) C10 = 0.14 C01 = 0.035 (mild) C10 = 0.17 C01 = 0.041 (moderate) | – | – | C3D8 |
Annulus fiber layers | 360–550 | 0.3 | 0.7 | T3D2 |
Ligaments | ||||
Anterior longitudinal | 7.8 (< 12.0%), 20 (> 12.0%) | 0.3 | 63.7 | T3D2 |
Posterior longitudinal | 10.0 (< 11.0%), 20 (> 11.0%) | 0.3 | 20 | T3D2 |
Ligamentum flavum | 15.0 (< 6.2%), 19.5 (> 6.2%) | 0.3 | 40 | T3D2 |
Supraspinous | 8.0 (< 20.0%), 15 (> 20.0%) | 0.3 | 30 | T3D2 |
Interspinous | 10.0 (< 14.0%), 11.6 (> 14.0%) | 0.3 | 40 | T3D2 |
Intertransverse | 10.0 (< 18.0%), 58.7 (> 18.0%) | 0.3 | 1.8 | T3D2 |
Capsular | 7.5 (< 25.0%), 32.9 (> 25.0%) | 0.3 | 30 | T3D2 |