Fig. 4

Quantification of immune cell infiltration into pin site and fracture site. Histological analysis was conducted on femurs at 24 and 72 h post-trauma (n = 6/group). Femur sections were cut at a thickness of 8 μm, deparaffinized, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for analysis. The degree of immune cell infiltration and inflammation scored by a veterinary pathologist on a scale of 0–4 and compared between the osteotomy and polytrauma groups within each time point. Significances were determined by Mann-Whitney test, p < 0.05; n = 11–12 animals per time point