Table 2 Characteristics of the eleven trials selected showing general information

Wani IH [13]

–

–

interlocking intramedullary nailing

MIPPO

FFI; union time; weight bearing time; mulunion (rotation; coronal plane; sagittal plane); superficial infection;

3w,6w,9w,12w,3 m,6 m, 9 m,12 m,15 m,18 m; 1y

Vallier HA [12]

–

1,2,3A

Tibial nail

Intramedullary nail

tibial plate

no locking plate

Union; malunion; nonunion; infection; secondary operations radiographs

> 12 m,7w

Im G I [15]

C1,2

I

Intramedullary nail

anatomic plate and screws

Union; malunion; nonunion; angulation, roentgenographic views; wound complications; range of the ankle dorsiflexion; Olerud-Molander ankle

score

2y

Fang JH [18]

0 -1

I,II

interlocked intramedullary; Static locking; primary dynamic locking

unreamed tibial nail

distal tibia locking plate

Time: (Operative, Follow-up, Radiation, Bone union, recovery to work)

Union; malunion; delayed union; nonunion; Wound complications; pin-tract infection; anterior knee pain; Secondary procedures

>1y,6w

Chen G [19]

–

–

percutaneous closed

reduction interlocking intramedullary nail

Open reduction plate; Percutaneous closed reduction locking compression plate

Union time; operation time; length of incision; radiation time; Radiographic assessment; complication; Union status

1 m,2 m,3 m,6 m.12 m,18 m,24 m

Li Y [20]

–

I,II

locking intramedullary nail; reamed nail and static locking

minimally invasive plate

osteosynthesis

Hospital Stay; OperationTime; Time to radiographic Union; Delayed Union, malunion, Nonunion; Infection (Soft tissue infection, Deep infection, Pin tract infection); Incidence of reoperation; Ankle function

2w,6w,12w,26w,52w

Mauffrey C [21]

–

I

intramedullary nailing; non-locking screws

locking-plate

bridge-plating

DRI; OMAS; EuroQol EQ-5D generalised health outcome questionnaire; union time; Mal-or nonunion

6w,3 m,6 m,12 m

Guo JJ [16]

–

I

closed intramedullary nailing; Static locking

percutaneous locked

compression plate;Static locking

Healing, nonunion; complication; questionnaire concerning removal of the

implants for completion by the patients; AOFAS; implant removal questionnaire

6w,3 m,6 m,12 m

Costa M L [22]

–

–

intramedullary nail

locking plate

later complications; union, nonunion Radiographs; DRI (EQ-5D-3 L, OMAS); Local complications (infection, vascular and neurological injury, venous thromboembolism, malunion); systemic complications; unrelated adverse events

6w,3 m,6 m,12 m

Polat A [14]

–

–

IMN

MIPO, no

blocking screws

Foot function index; time to weight bearing; union time; duration of operation; length of incision; intra-operative blood loss; intra-operative fluoroscopy time; rotational and angular malalignment; rate of infection; secondary interventions; complications

3w,3-6 m

Vallier H A [17]

–

–

reamed intramedullary nailing

eduction and standard

large fragment medial plating

Infections; malunions; nonunions; secondary procedures; Employment status; knee pain; ankle pain; and use of pain Medications;FFI; MFA; general health status measure;

22 m(12 m-71 m)