Table 4 Complications in the included studies

Guyer et al. [17]

Charité

20/90 (22.2%)

0

1 Device subsidence

2 Early postoperative implant displacement

13 Neurological deterioration

1 Symptomatic spondylolisthesis at L5

2 Facet degeneration

1 Unknown

Zigler and Delamarter [50]

ProDisc

16/161 (9.9%)

1 Technique error with inlay was inserted backward

2 Retrograde ejaculation

1 Clinical significant blood loss

2 Polyethylene migration due to extreme trauma

1 Polyethylene inlay migration

1 Implant migration

6 Unresolved pain

1 Nerve root compression

2 DVT

Van De Kelft and Verguts [43]

Maverick

2/45 (4.4%)

2 Vein injury

0

0

Sköld et al. [41]

Charité, ProDisc, Maverick

13/80 (16.3%)

2 Hematoma

2 Wound hernia

1 Subsidence

6 Suspected facet joint pain

1 Nerve entrapment

1 Meralgia paresthestica

Siepe et al. [39]

ProDisc

26/181 (14.4%)

1 Abdominal hematoma

1 Retroperitoneal hematoma

1 Retroperitoneal lymphocele

4 Retrograde ejaculation

4 Postsympathectomy syndrome

1 Plexus hypogastricus superior lesion with sexual dysfunction

1 Persisting retroperitoneal secretion

1 Primary suboptimal implant placement

1 Intraoperative posterior wall fracture and posterior fragment dislocation

2 Subsidence

2 Inlay dislocation and subluxation of prosthesis

1 Implant dislocation following fall 2 weeks postoperatively

1 Split fracture L4 following TDR at L4–5

3 Adjacent level disc herniation

1 Index segment spinal stenosis

1 Postoperative neuropathy L5

1 CVA with bilateral isthmus stress fracture and subluxation of TDR

1 Bilateral isthmus stress fracture

1 DVT+PE+lysis

Laugesen et al. [20]

ProDisc

19/57 (33%)

0

0

14 Back pain and or radiculopathy

1 Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis

3 Facet arthrosis

1 Unknown

David [7]

Charité

22/106 (20.8%)

0

2 Early core subluxation

1 Late core failure

3 Subsidence

5 Symptomatic facet arthrosis

1 Continued axial low back pain

1 Sciatica with drop foot

4 Partial device ossification

2 Complete ossification

2 Disc herniation

1 Spinal stenosis

Park et al. [29]

ProDisc

0/35 (0%)

0

0

0

Lu et al. [23]

Charité

11/32 (34.4%)

2 Illac vein injury

2 Anhidrosis

2 Abdominal hernia

3 Subsidence

1 Pedicle fracture

1 Severe leg pain

Park et al. [31]

ProDisc

5/54 (9.3%)

0

0

2 Adjacent spondylolisthesis

1 Index level instability

2 Index level facet arthritis