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Table 2 Univariate analysis of risk factors associated with SSI

From: Incidence and predictors of surgical site infection after ORIF in calcaneus fractures, a retrospective cohort study

Variables

SSI (n = 66, 9.7%)

No SSI (n = 615, 90.3%)

P value

Open fracture

16 (24.2)

19 (3.1)

0.00003****

Sanders grade

  

0.08191

 I

4 (6.1)

18 (2.9)

 

 II

36 (54.5)

319 (51.9)

 

 III

19 (28.8)

191 (31.1)

 

 IV

7 (10.6)

87 (14.1)

 

Operation season (summer)

28 (42.4)

233 (37.9)

0.78615

Intraoperative blood loss (≥ 400 ml)

2 (3.0)

15 (2.4)

0.77030

Extended lateral approach

15 (22.7)

181 (29.4)

0.24816

Fixation type (plate and screws)

37 (56.1)

294 (47.8)

0.20429

Length of operative incision (cm)

  

0.51307

 < 7

23 (34.8)

200 (32.5)

 

 7–11

24 (36.4)

210 (34.1)

 

 > 11

19 (28.8)

205 (33.3)

 

Operative time

  

0.05660

 < 120 min

29 (43.9)

380 (61.8)

 

 120–180 min

36 (54.5)

205 (33.3)

 

 > 180 min

1 (1.5)

30 (4.9)

 

Intraoperative temperature(< 36.0 °C)

21 (31.8)

103 (16.7)

0.01807*

Gender

  

0.26118

 Male

63 (95.5)

562 (91.4)

 

 Female

3 (4.5)

53 (8.6)

 

Preoperative stay

  

0.36943

 ≤ 14 days

63 (95.5)

599 (97.4)

 

 > 14 days

3 (4.5)

16 (2.6)

 

Surgeon level (resident and visiting staff)

16 (24.2)

111 (18.0)

0.22901

Injury mechanism (high energy)

47 (71.2)

310 (50.4)

0.00204**

Obesity (BMI ≥ 28.0)

10 (15.2)

71 (11.5)

0.39142

Diabetes mellitus

0 (0)

20 (3.3)

0.99836

Hypertension

7 (10.6)

53 (8.6)

0.58909

Coronary heart disease

3 (45.5)

8 (1.3)

0.06311

History of anemia

0 (0)

3 (0.5)

0.99910

Tobacco consumption

13 (19.7)

149 (24.2)

0.41327

History of alcohol intake

12 (18.2)

117 (19.0)

0.86844

Allergic history

4 (6.1)

25 (4.1)

0.44905

Previous operation

9 (13.6)

49 (8.0)

0.12219

ASA score (≥ 3)

5 (7.6)

14 (2.3)

0.01903*

General anesthesia

11 (16.7)

64 (10.4)

0.67229

Preoperative antibiotics use

17 (25.8)

69 (11.2)

0.00107**

Intraoperative antibiotics use

61 (92.4)

555 (90.2)

0.56822

Drainage use

39 (59.1)

332 (54.0)

0.42941

TP (< 65 g/L)

28 (42.4)

221 (36.0)

0.29930

ALB (< 40 g/L)

19 (28.8)

137 (22.3)

0.23307

GLOB (< 20 g/L)

15 (22.7)

91 (14.8)

0.16344

A/G

  

0.46406

 References (1.2–2.4)

59 (89.4)

564 (91.7)

 

 < 1.2

1 (1.5)

11 (1.8)

 

 > 2.4

6 (9.1)

40 (6.5)

 

WBC (109/L)

  

0.46511

 References (4–10)

47 (71.2)

465 (75.6)

 

 < 4

1 (1.5)

5 (0.8)

 

 > 10

18 (27.3)

145 (23.6)

 

NEUT (109/L)

  

0.39405

 References (1.8–6.3)

39 (59.1)

394 (64.1)

 

 > 6.3

27 (40.9)

217 (35.3)

 

LYM (109/L)

  

0.99515

 References (1.1–3.2)

56 (84.9)

533 (86.7)

 

 < 1.1

10 (15.2)

71 (11.5)

 

 > 3.2

0 (0)

11 (1.8)

 

MON (109/L)

  

0.79901

 References (0.1–0.6)

31 (47.0)

298 (48.5)

 

 > 0.6

35 (53.0)

315 (51.2)

 

BAS (109/L)

  

0.08710

 References (0–0.06)

60 (90.9)

577 (93.8)

 

 > 0.06

6 (9.1)

18 (2.9)

 
  1. TP total protein, A albumin, G globulin, A/G albumin/globulin, WBC white blood cell, NEUT neutrophile, LYM lymphocyte, MON monocyte, BAS basophilic
  2. Significant Variables (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ****P < 0.0001)