Table 1 The general characteristic of the included studies

Ducic 2016 [6]

Serbia

Gartland IIa Gartland IIb Gartland III

6.7 vs 6.1

Closed reduction with percutaneous pinning

Open reduction with Kirschner wire fixation (lateral approach)

1, 2, 3, 4

11.2 ± 2.3 months

RCSs

Thailand

NS

7.9 vs 6.8

Closed reduction with percutaneous pinning

Open reduction with Kirschner wire fixation (lateral approach)

1, 2, 3, 4

12 months

RCTs

Kazimoglu 2009 [7]

Turkey

Gartland III

5.9 vs 6.5

Closed reduction and percutaneous cross-pinning

Open reduction and internal fixation (lateral incision)

1, 2, 3

29.5 months

RCSs

Keskin 2014 [12]

Turkey

NS

closed reduction and percutaneous pinning

open reduction and percutaneous pinning(middle incision)

1, 3, 4

3 months

RCSs

Lu 2011 [13]

China

Gartland III

NS

closed reduction and pinning

Open reduction and pinning (middle incision)

1, 2, 3, 4

10 months

RCTs

Ozkoc 2004 [14]

Turkey

Gartland III

10.7 vs 7.6

closed reduction and pinning

Open reduction and pinning (posteromedial incision)

1,2,3,4

21 months

RCSs