Fig. 3

Fracture callus biomechanical analysis. Biomechanical stiffness of post-injury day 7 fracture callus from saline control and alcohol-exposed mice was assessed using a 4-point bending apparatus. The line in the graph represents stiffness of intact contralateral limbs, which were 122 ± 12 and 127 ± 13 N/mm for saline control and alcohol-exposed mice, respectively. Calluses from the alcohol-exposed mice were significantly less stiff than the saline controls. Data are shown as mean ± SEM, n = 9/group. *p = 0.04 by Student’s t test