From: Use of a life-size three-dimensional-printed spine model for pedicle screw instrumentation training
No. pedicles instrumented | No. violations | % violation | Avg. violation (mm) | Range of violation (mm) | No. critical violation | % critical violation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L1 | 40 | 13 | 32.5 | 1.85 | 1.3–2.5 | 5 | 12.5 |
L2 | 40 | 10 | 25 | 1.87 | 1.2–3.1 | 4 | 10 |
L3 | 40 | 9 | 22.5 | 1.74 | 1.2–3.3 | 2 | 5 |
L4 | 40 | 5 | 12.5 | 1.44 | 1.3–1.8 | 0 | 0 |
L5 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |