Fig. 5
From: Use of a life-size three-dimensional-printed spine model for pedicle screw instrumentation training
Total pedicle violation percentage, critical (breach of >2mm) pedicle violation percentage are shown for resident 1 (b), resident 2 (c), and combined (a). (a) The mean total violation percentage decreased from 30% with the first spine model to 10% after completing five spine models (50 pedicle screws). This violation percentage became stable at 10% from the sixth to tenth models. The mean critical violation (>2-mm breach) percentage also decreased as residents continued practicing and became stable at 0% after completing five models. (d) The length of time required to complete screw instrumentation decreased as residents continued to practice the skills on the 3D-printed models. A strong negative correlation was observed between the repetitive time of screw instrumentation and length of procedure (Spearman’s correlation coefficient, −0.71; p < 0.001)