Table 1 The general characteristic of the included studies
Author | Country | Age (year, I/C) | Male patients (%, I/C) | LIA | EPA | Study | Follow-up | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of patients | Dose and methods | No. of patients | Dose and methods | ||||||
Andersen et al. 2010 [10] | Denmark | 67/69 | 50/40 | 21 | Combination of wound infiltration and continuous intra-articular injection postoperatively | 19 | Continuous epidural infusion | RCTs | 30 days |
Binici et al. 2014 [11] | Turkey | 70.8/67.9 | 0/5 | 15 | Continuous peri-articular injection postoperatively (3 ml (60 mg) lidocaine) | 15 | Continuous epidural infusion | RCTs | 7 days |
Kasture and Saraf 2015 [12] | India | 67.2/67.5 | 12/15 | 40 | 300 ml of 0.125% bupivacaine with 5 ml ketorolac injection | 35 | Continuous epidural infusion (300 ml of 0.125% bupivacaine with 300 mcg fentanyl injection) | RCTs | 1 month |
Klasen et al. 1999 [13] | Germany | 70/69 | 0/0 | 10 | Single infiltration (1 mg morphine diluted in 20 ml of saline 0.9%) | 10 | Continuous epidural infusion (boluses of 2.5 mg of morphine) | RCTs | 2 months |
Spreng et al. 2010 [14] | Norway | 67.2/65.8 | 30/41 | 37 | Single-shot intraoperative peri-articular infiltration (ketorolac 30 mg and morphine 5 mg) | 33 | Continuous epidural infusion (ropivacaine 150 mg and epinephrine 0.5 mg added to isotonic saline) | RCTs | 16 days |
Tsukada et al. 2014 [15] | Japan | NS | NS | 50 | Single-shot intraoperative peri-articular infiltration | 61 | Continuous epidural infusion | RCTs | NS |
Tsukada et al. 2015 [16] | Japan | NS | NS | 37 | Single-shot intraoperative peri-articular infiltration | 33 | Continuous epidural infusion | RCTs | 6 months |