Table 1 Strain on the anterior, middle, and posterior parts of the medial tibial plateau in all the groups under different loading conditions at different flexion angles during human cadaver testing (\( \overline{x} \)±s, με)

0°

Anterior

PCL intact group

−17.25 ± 1.71

−33.50 ± 2.24

−48.67 ± 2.90

−60.17 ± 4.15

−78.50 ± 4.01

ALB rupture group

−18.17 ± 1.94

−34.17 ± 3.43

−66.67 ± 2.88*

−86.33 ± 3.93*

−109.17 ± 4.26*

PMB rupture group

−25.50 ± 2.43*^, **

−45.33 ± 2.66*^, **

−65.67 ± 3.14*

−85.00 ± 5.33*

−110.67 ± 3.62*

PCL rupture group

−26.17 ± 1.40*^, **

−45.58 ± 2.91*^, **

−68.08 ± 1.98*

−87.17 ± 4.49*

−112.67 ± 4.14*

Middle

PCL intact group

−12.42 ± 1.44

−21.17 ± 1.85

−32.42 ± 3.06

−43.83 ± 3.54

−54.75 ± 4.27

ALB rupture group

−12.83 ± 1.72

−21.83 ± 2.14

−42.83 ± 3.19*

−59.50 ± 3.73*

−73.50 ± 3.94*

PMB rupture group

−17.00 ± 1.90*^, **

−27.83 ± 1.72*^, **

−42.33 ± 3.56*

−59.17 ± 4.71*

−73.83 ± 3.25*

PCL rupture group

−17.33 ± 1.72*^, **

−28.25 ± 2.30*^, **

−44.08 ± 3.32*

−61.50 ± 4.58*

−75.67 ± 4.54*

Posterior

PCL intact group

−6.17 ± 1.34

−10.50 ± 2.11

−15.17 ± 1.90

−20.33 ± 3.03

−25.50 ± 3.34

ALB rupture group

−5.50 ± 1.05

−9.67 ± 1.63

−7.83 ± 2.79*

−9.50 ± 3.56*

−13.67 ± 3.72*

PMB rupture group

−2.83 ± 2.23*^, **

−4.83 ± 1.84*^, **

−7.17 ± 2.14*

−9.0 ± 3.16*

−12.33 ± 3.50*

PCL rupture group

−2.42 ± 1.88*^, **

−4.67 ± 2.02*^, **

−6.17 ± 3.41*

−9.33 ± 3.06*

−11.33 ± 3.23*

30°

Anterior

PCL intact group

−5.33 ± 2.15

−10.42 ± 2.39

−15.50 ± 3.18

−21.08 ± 3.68

−26.75 ± 4.96

ALB rupture group

−5.83 ± 1.17

−11.50 ± 3.39

−36.17 ± 3.55*

−47.67 ± 4.18*

−60.00 ± 4.56*

PMB rupture group

−5.67 ± 1.97

−10.83 ± 2.56

−17.33 ± 3.83**

−21.67 ± 4.80**

−28.83 ± 5.88**

PCL rupture group

−14.08 ± 1.73*^, **^, ***

−25.50 ± 3.03*^, **^, ***

−38.42 ± 3.42*^, ***

−49.00 ± 4.51*^, ***

−61.75 ± 5.15*^, ***

Middle

PCL intact group

−23.25 ± 2.01

−39.33 ± 3.11^a

−57.92 ± 4.94

−77.83 ± 3.13

−97.08 ± 4.68

ALB rupture group

−23.83 ± 2.14

−41.17 ± 3.87^a

−82.33 ± 4.80*

−104.83 ± 4.26*

−126.83 ± 5.08*

PMB rupture group

−23.33 ± 1.97

−40.17 ± 3.19^a

−59.67 ± 5.61**

−79.00 ± 4.94**

−98.50 ± 5.47**

PCL rupture group

−31.17 ± 2.41*^, **^, ***

−56.58 ± 2.47*^, **^, ***^{, a}

−84.25 ± 4.58*^, ***

−108.50 ± 4.54*^, ***

−127.83 ± 5.65*^, ***

Posterior

PCL intact group

−12.50 ± 2.24

−23.00 ± 3.33

−34.25 ± 3.42

−41.67 ± 4.60

−48.33 ± 4.48

ALB rupture group

−11.00 ± 2.37

−20.67 ± 3.08

−19.83 ± 3.55*

−23.50 ± 4.09*

−29.67 ± 5.85*

PMB rupture group

−11.83 ± 2.14

−20.67 ± 3.14

−33.50 ± 3.62**

−40.00 ± 4.56**

−46.50 ± 5.82**

PCL rupture group

−6.67 ± 2.02*^, **^, ***

−12.58 ± 2.75*^, **^, ***

−17.83 ± 3.56*^, ***

−22.58 ± 3.20*^, ***

−27.33 ± 5.05*^, ***

60°

Anterior

PCL intact group

8.75 ± 1.77

17.50 ± 2.88

25.00 ± 3.67

31.75 ± 4.16

37.17 ± 4.06

ALB rupture group

7.33 ± 1.97

16.50 ± 2.51

10.83 ± 3.82*

15.00 ± 4.94*

17.83 ± 4.83*

PMB rupture group

8.00 ± 1.41

16.83 ± 2.48

23.50 ± 3.62**

31.00 ± 3.90**

36.50 ± 3.56**

PCL rupture group

3.33 ± 1.50*^, **^, ***

5.92 ± 2.31*^, **^, ***

8.83 ± 3.16*^, ***

13.67 ± 4.25*^, ***

16.42 ± 4.32*^, ***

Middle

PCL intact group

−25.50 ± 2.39

−43.00 ± 3.02

−64.83 ± 3.46

−83.50 ± 5.28^a

−108.67 ± 5.40

ALB rupture group

−26.00 ± 2.28

−44.50 ± 2.81

−86.17 ± 3.60*

−114.33 ± 5.61*^{, a}

−141.50 ± 5.72*

PMB rupture group

−25.67 ± 2.34

−43.67 ± 2.25

−66.50 ± 5.21**

−85.83 ± 6.91**^{, a}

−110.00 ± 5.40**

PCL rupture group

−34.75 ± 1.87*^, **^, ***

−59.33 ± 3.09*^, **^, ***

−87.58 ± 3.50*^, ***

−116.33 ± 4.01*^, ***^{, a}

−144.08 ± 5.37*^, ***

Posterior

PCL intact group

−24.75 ± 3.11

−41.58 ± 5.09

−62.17 ± 6.09

−82.92 ± 8.04^a

−105.42 ± 6.65

ALB rupture group

−23.00 ± 3.41

−39.33 ± 5.47

−34.83 ± 7.25*

−41.33 ± 5.20*^{, a}

−48.17 ± 10.76*

PMB rupture group

−23.67 ± 3.08

−40.50 ± 4.59

−60.50 ± 5.09**

−79.67 ± 5.20**^{, a}

−103.50 ± 9.79**

PCL rupture group

−11.75 ± 4.03*^, **^, ***

−23.33 ± 3.99*^, **^, ***

−33.17 ± 6.97*^, ***

−40.08 ± 5.99*^, ***^{, a}

−46.42 ± 9.32*^, ***

90°

Anterior

PCL intact group

11.33 ± 2.46

20.67 ± 4.25^a

30.00 ± 3.30^a

38.25 ± 4.16

46.17 ± 3.46

ALB rupture group

9.50 ± 2.51

19.00 ± 2.97^a

12.50 ± 3.94*^{, a}

18.33 ± 3.01*

23.50 ± 5.21*

PMB rupture group

11.00 ± 1.55

20.00 ± 3.41^a

28.50 ± 3.94**^{, a}

37.83 ± 3.60**

44.17 ± 3.66**

PCL rupture group

4.42 ± 1.51*^, **^, ***

8.50 ± 2.94*^, **^, ***^{, a}

11.33 ± 2.46*^, ***^{, a}

17.58 ± 4.44*^, ***

20.75 ± 4.14*^, ***

Middle

PCL intact group

−23.25 ± 2.77

−41.42 ± 3.32

−60.92 ± 4.32

−85.58 ± 4.25

−102.42 ± 6.74

ALB rupture group

−25.17 ± 3.25

−42.67 ± 3.45

−84.83 ± 5.08*

−115.17 ± 4.88*

−146.67 ± 7.97*

PMB rupture group

−24.50 ± 2.59

−42.17 ± 3.19

−61.67 ± 4.59**

−87.50 ± 5.47**

−104.33 ± 8.80**

PCL rupture group

−34.25 ± 2.34*^, **^, ***

−57.58 ± 2.23*^, **^, ***

−86.33 ± 4.31*^, ***

−116.42 ± 4.50*^, ***

−148.67 ± 6.36*^, ***

Posterior

PCL intact group

−36.58 ± 3.75

−64.83 ± 4.39

−95.42 ± 5.87

−125.33 ± 4.83

−153.67 ± 7.58^a

ALB rupture group

−35.17 ± 3.19

−62.00 ± 4.60

−69.50 ± 6.86*

−91.67 ± 4.68*

−116.67 ± 11.99*^{, a}

PMB rupture group

−34.00 ± 3.41

−61.83 ± 4.62

−92.83 ± 5.98**

−123.17 ± 4.02**

−150.67 ± 8.50**^{, a}

PCL rupture group

−25.58 ± 2.94*^, **^, ***

−44.00 ± 3.72*^, **^, ***

−66.50 ± 6.90*^, ***

−90.92 ± 5.27*^, ***

−112.25 ± 8.34*^, ***^{, a}