Table 2 Steps of translation and trans-cultural adaptation
Steps | Detailed contents |
|---|---|
Forward translation | Two bilingual translators independently translated the metric from English to simplified Chinese. One of the translators was an orthopedic surgeon in the author’s hospital; the other one was a professional translator without medical background. |
Synthesis of the translation | Two translators and other researchers unified contradictions regarding language expression and cultural difference after a consensus meeting and obtained the first SC-FJS. |
Backward translation | Two native English speakers fluent in English, with medical background and blind to the previous original English version of FJS, independently translated the first SC-FJS back into the English version. |
Summarization of prefinal version | A consensus meeting with all researchers including four forward and backward translators was held to resolve all discrepancies, ambiguities, or any other verbal issues to reach a prefinal SC-FJS. |
Determination of final version | Researchers invited 20 patients underwent TKA to preliminarily test the prefinal version and collect feedbacks from them. |