Table 2 Peri- and post-operative complications and managements

Hemorrhage

Autologous or allogeneic transfusion, and expansion of blood volume

All got good recovery.

Cerebrospinal fluid leakage

Two patients having a lesion on the lateral side of the dura were continuous sutured.

All wounds were healed.

Another 3 patients having leakage in front of the dura were blocked lesions with fibrin glue or plugged with a gelatin sponge prior to the extubation of the drainage tubes 1 to 2 weeks later after the surgery.

Intercostal nerve palsy

Administration of dehydrating agents, hormones, and neurotrophic drugs

Got complete remission 3–6 months later.

Neurological deterioration

Administration of neurotrophic drugs and hormones, and rehabilitation-oriented exercise

Two patients were improved but 1 not.

Superficial infection

Dressing change and debridement

Wound healed smoothly.