Fig. 3
From: Animal models of osteoarthritis: classification, update, and measurement of outcomes
a Non-invasive mouse models of osteoarthritis: line drawing of IATPF showing the mouse knee flexed on the cradle and indenter applying force. This causes a closed fracture of the tibial plateau. b Non-invasive mouse models of osteoarthritis: diagrammatic representation of cyclic articular cartilage tibial compression on the flexed right hind limb of the mouse. This model can also cause an ACL rupture at higher loads. The direction of the load between the upper and lower loading cups is shown. Location of strain gauges ion the apparatus (a, lateral and b, medial) on the tibial mid-shaft are also shown. IAPF intra-articular tibial plateau fracture, ACL anterior cruciate ligament. Taken with permission from Furman et al. [142] and Souza et al. [147]