Table 3 Rotational axes and angles from various studies

 Arima et al. [9]

4.4 (2.9)

 Berger et al. [10]

Male 4.7 (3.5)

Male 3.5 (1.2)

Female 5.2 (4.1)

Female 0.3 (1.2)

 Yip et al. [12]

Males 5.1 (1.9)

Females 5.8 (1.8)

 Yoshioka et al. [24]

Male 5 (1.8)

Female 6 (2.4)

 Mantas et al. [25]

Right 4.9 (2.1)

Left 4.9 (2.3)

Male 4.4 (2)

Female 6.4 (2.2)

 Katz et al. [26]

6.1 (3.3)

Intraoperative studies

 Poilvache et al. [14]

3.60 (2.02)

90.33 (2.44)

86.92 (2.71)

Males 3.58 (2.16)

Male 91.2 (2.15)

Male 88.07 (2.34)

Female 3.62 (1.93)

Female 89.59 (2.45)

Female 85.94 (2.64)

Varus-neutral 3.51 (2.03)

Varus-neutral 90.53 (2.36)

Varus-neutral 87.27 (2.57)

Valgus 4.41 (1.83)

Valgus 88.73 (2.57)

Valgus 84.09 (2.21)

 Griffin et al. [11]

Average 3.7 (2.2)

Male 3.6 (1.8)

Female 3.7 (2.6)

Varus 3.3 (1.9)

Neutral 3.3 (2.3)

Valgus 5.4 (2.3)

 Arima et al. [9]

5.7 (1.7)

 Akagi et al. [5]

OA knees 6.8 (1.8)

 Nagamine et al. [27]

Normal 5.8 (2.7)

87.7 (3.9)

93.5 (4)

PF-OA 6.4 (2.4)

FT-OA 6.2 (1.9) (arthritic knees)

 Yoshino et al. [18]

6.4 (1.6) (arthritic knees)

Average 3 (1.6)

 Takai et al. [28]

6.8 (2) (arthritic knees)

6.3 (1.5) (normal knees)

 Mullaji et al. [30]

5 (1.7) (normal knees)

90.8 (3.7)

95.8 (3.5)

 Current study

5.92 (2.32) (normal knees)

88.99 (2.86)

94.09 (2.84)

 Matsuda et al. [19]

Normal 6.03 (3.60)

Varus 6 (2.35)

 Griffin et al. [11]

3.11 (1.75)

Male 2.75 (1.61)

Female 3.33 (1.82)

<41 years 2.71 (1.56)

>41 years 3.50 (1.86)