| Odds ratio | 95 % confidence interval | p value |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 1.006 | (0.967–1.047) | 0.77 |
Male/female | 0.942 | (0.425–2.516) | 0.94 |
Obesity (BMI ≥ or <25)* | 3.593 | (1.061–12.175) | 0.040 |
Single-level/multi-level | 3.683 | (0.664–20.418) | 0.14 |
No. of vertebrae | 0.43 | (0.150–1.254) | 0.12 |
Disease | Â | Â | Â |
 Isthmic spondylolisthesis | 1.000 |  |  |
 Degenerative spondylolisthesis | 0.419 | (0.101–1.729) | 0.23 |
 Spinal canal stenosis | 0.292 | (0.071–1.200) | 0.088 |
 Degenerative scoliosis* | 8.893 | (1.200–76.220) | 0.046 |
 Vertebral fracture | 0.875 | (0.123–6.239) | 0.89 |