| Direct Loading | Indirect Loading |
---|
Wires | 77.01 (+/- 0.24) | 149.28 (+/- 2.26) |
Half Pins | 102.80 (+/- 1.74) | 195.04 (+/- 3.58) |
- All values are given in N/mm, and standard deviations are given in brackets. The greater axial stiffness of the half-pin frames was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Indirect loading also induced a significant increase in stiffness compared to direct loading both in the wire and the half-pin configurations.