Table 1 Means and standard deviation of femoral parameters in control and exercise-treated mice of both age groups

Endosteal perimeter (mm)

3.64 (0.14)

3.73 (0.16)

3.73 (0.15)^a

3.85 (0.32)^a

Periosteal perimeter (mm)

2.02 (0.18)

2.03 (0.13)

4.69 (0.14)^a

4.83 (0.27)^{a, b}

Cortical area (mm²)

0.50 (0.15)

0.52 (0.09)

0.55 (0.04)^a

0.61 (0.04)^a

Medullary area (mm²)

0.31 (0.05)

0.32 (0.04)

0.93 (0.07)^a

0.98 (0.14)^a

Periosteal area (mm²)

0.81 (0.15)

0.84 (0.08)

1.49 (0.10)^a

1.59 (0.17)^{a, b}

Area of endocortical bone growth (μm²)

26.50 (2.41)

44.66 (3.48)

35.60 (1.13)

51.20 (1.68)^b

Area of periosteal bone growth (μm²)

9.37 (0.28)

9.94 (0.19)

7.30 (0.68)

16.20 (0.62)^{a, b, c}

Total bone growth area (μm²)

35.87 (2.38)

54.59 (3.37)

42.90 (1.46)

67.40 (1.55)^b

Bone formation rate (μm²/day)

2.56 (1.69)

3.91 (2.41)

3.06 (1.04)

4.81 (1.11)^b