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Table 2 Accuracy of the model-based technique (RMS errors, mean ± standard deviation) expressed in kinematic parameters that describe motion of the patella relative to the femur.

From: Accuracy of biplane x-ray imaging combined with model-based tracking for measuring in-vivo patellofemoral joint motion

Kinematic Parameter

Bias

Precision

Overall Dynamic Accuracy

Shift (med/lat translation)

0.320 ± 0.105 mm

0.114 ± 0.039 mm

0.395 ± 0.079 mm

Anterior/posterior translation

-0.293 ± 0.201 mm

0.042 ± 0.011 mm

0.340 ± 0.162 mm

Superior/inferior translation

-0.107 ± 0.312 mm

0.058 ± 0.026 mm

0.315 ± 0.126 mm

Flexion

0.475 ± 0.420°

0.216 ± 0.139°

0.875 ± 0.237°

Tilt

-0.052 ± 0.651°

0.322 ± 0.214°

0.863 ± 0.156°

Rotation

-0.090 ± 0.290°

0.382 ± 0.239°

0.877 ± 0.090°