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Table 1 Comparison of the biomechanical characteristics of the intact ligaments, various reconstruction and augmentation methods

From: Acromioclavicular joint dislocation: a comparative biomechanical study of the palmaris-longus tendon graft reconstruction with other augmentative methods in cadaveric models

Characteristic

Native

WD

WD.ACJ

WD.BS

WD.CP

WD.PLmt

Failure Loads (Superior) (kN)

.801+/-.076

.118+/-.023

.161+/-.019

.573+/-.088

.397+/-.046

.276+/-.046

(LCL, UCL)

(.648, .954)

(.071, .166)

(.119, .204)

(.385, .760)

(.304, .490)

(.168, .384)

Failure Loads (P-A) (kN)

.746+/-.089

.103+/-.015

.278+/-.074

  

.188+/-.017

(LCL, UCL)

(.529, .963)

(.067, .139)

(.097, .459)

  

(.148, .229)

Stiffness (Superior) (kN/mm)

.079+/-.009

.006+/-.000

.015+/-.001)

.121+/-.016

.025+/-.003

.016+/-.002

(LCL, UCL)

(.059, .100)

(.005, .008)

(.012, .018)

(.084,.157)

(.017, .032)

(.010, .021)

Stiffness (P-A) (kN/mm)

.022+/-.004

.004+/-.000

.042+/-.016

  

.012+/-.000

(LCL, UCL)

(.012, .031)

(.002, .005)

(.003,.080)

  

(.010, .013)

Displacement (Superior) (mm)

25.25+/-1.77

28.70+/-1.93

29.43+/-2.63

21.92+/-4.11

26.61+/-1.26

31.16+/-3.45

(LCL, UCL)

(21.70, 28.81)

(24.73, 32.67)

(23.67, 35.16)

(13.06, 13.80)

(24.05,29.18)

(23.02, 39.31)

Displacement (P-A) (mm)

56.36+/-9.80

43.05+/-5.46

38.65+/-7.48

  

41.46+/-4.63

(LCL, UCL)

(32.38, 80.33)

(29.69, 56.40)

(20.343, 56.95)

 

(30.14, 52.77)

Failure Modes

Midsubstance

Suture failure

Suture pullout

Screw pullout

clavicle

suture

 

tear 90%

at knot-clavicle

90%

100%

fracture 70%

breakage 10%

 

Ligament insertion site

interface

breakage

 

acromion

knot

 

failure 10%

100%

10%

 

fracture 30%

breakage 90%

(LCL, UCL)-lower and upper confidence limit

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